User:IlL/Spare pages 1/51

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IlL/Spare pages 1/51/Lexicon

IlL/Spare pages 1/51
an Thíogall
Pronunciation[[Help:IPA|ə ˈɬiːɡ̊ɤᵝˤ]]
Created byIlL
SettingHussmauch
Extinct220 v.T.
Quihum
  • Talmic
    • Thensaric
      • IlL/Spare pages 1/51
Language codes
ISO 639-3qth
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 (IlL/Spare pages 1/51: an Thíogall [ə ˈɬiːɡ̊ɤᵝˤ] or an ŋgáth dTíogall [ə ŋa:ɬ ˈtiːɡ̊ɤᵝˤ] 'the IlL/Spare pages 1/51 language'; pronounced "teagle" in English) is a Talmic language inspired heavily by Irish and German. It is the largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. IlL/Spare pages 1/51 was created in part as a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". Like most modern Talmic languages, IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is a descendant of Thensarian. It is spoken on the west coast of the continent of Kuodhlev on Hussmauch.

Todo

  • Thermodynamics vocabulary:
    • hot: nuo <nó> [ˈnuə]
    • cold: slav <srabh> [ˈs̠ɾav]
    • temperature: jopiziniwá <jopizinnivá> [jɔpɪzɪnɪˈwa:] (< Kagasa yoppi "hot" + jinn "cold" + -wah "abstract noun") (f.)
    • heat: nǿhe <nóie> [ˈnø:ə] (f.)
    • thermodynamics: nǿhedúve <nóiedúbha> [ˈnø:əˌdu̟ːvə] (f.) [lit. heat-teaching]
    • energy: fáłdøse <fáldoise> [ˈfɑɤᵝˤˌdœsə] (f.) [lit. within-work]
    • entropy: fusàzúze <fusazúza> [fʊsaˈzu̟ːzə] (m.) [< Kagasa fusazūja < fusa "tilt" + zūja "lot, chance" - poetically, the tilt of fate]
    • waste heat: redhnǿhe <laidhnóie> [ˈʁɛɮˌnø:ə] (f.) [lit. away-heat; stolen from German Abwärme]
  • Translate Haggadah (as exercise)
  • Affixes:
    • -te/-the ⟨-ta/tha⟩
  • Change the orthography → vowel mapping
    • ea = /ɛ/
    • ei = /ɪ/
    • eá = /e:/
    • éi = /i:/
  • Óc Eo /ˈoːˌkʰoː/
  • aodaí - 'clothes'

Notes

If a IlL/Spare pages 1/51 word is underlined, hover over it to view its (transliterated) spelling in the native orthography.

Symbols

  • i - i-umlaut
  • u - u-umlaut
  • L - lenition/aspiration
  • N - eclipsis
  • B - b-prefixation

Orthography

Talmic script, used for writing IlL/Spare pages 1/51

Like other modern Talmic languages, IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is written in the Talmic cursive script, which is written from left to right. Some letters are not used in modern IlL/Spare pages 1/51, such as the Thensarian letters y, θ, δ; the letters j and v are not used except in loanwords. The letter h is used for lenition as in Irish. So the IlL/Spare pages 1/51 alphabet is usually considered to have 20 letters (r d z i a f m g t h b s o ŋ p l n e u c) (digraphs and length diacritics are not counted).

The native orthography is extremely conservative and in part reflects Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 pronunciation. The native spelling also uses ⟨ll, nn, ŋŋ, rr⟩.

Sound changes

Thensarian to Old Bhadhagha

Thn. sb, sd, sg > OBh dhbh, d, dhgh

Medial sm, sn, sȝ, sl, sr > m, nn, ŋŋ, ll, rr

Thn. a e i o u y ā ē ī ō ū ȳ ae ao ui ia iā iō iū > OBh a e i o u a á é í ó ú uí ae ao oí ea eá eó iú

In stressed syllables: a e i o u á é í ó ú ae ao eá eo iú oí uí >

  • before a syllable with no e/ē/i/ī: a ea io o u á éa ío ó ú ae ao eá eó iú oío uío
  • before a syllable with e/ē/i/ī: ai ei i oi ui ái éi í ói úi aei aoi eái eói iúi oí uí

Sometimes:

  • éa, ó, ói > ia, ua, uai

Phonology

Stress

Primary stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions.

Consonants

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 22 consonants. The phonology is unusual for distinguishing lateral consonants in fricatives but not in liquids.

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 consonants
Labial Dental/Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ~ŋ~ɴ
Stop tenuis p t c~k~q (ʔ)
aspirated pʰ tʰ cʰ~kʰ~qʰ
Spirant voiceless f ɬ ç~x
voiced v ɮ j~ɣ
Non-spirant voiceless s h
voiced z
Liquid ɾ~ɺ~l ʁ
Approximant w j ʁ̞ᵝˤ
Notes
  • An initial /ʔ/ can be added to null initials (but is not mandatory).
  • Étaoin IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a form of Auslautverhärtung: aspiration is neutralized for word-final stops.
  • Unaspirated consonants /p, t, k/ are half-voiced [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊] between vowels (at least within a word).
  • /w/ is a labiovelar approximant [ɰʷ] with the vocalic quality of [u].
  • /n, tʰ, t, ɬ, ɮ/ are usually alveolar [n, tʰ, t, ɬ, ɮ], but can be dental [n̪, t̪ʰ, t̪, ɬ̪, ɮ̪] as well.
  • /s, z/ are alveolar retracted [s̠, z̠], similar to the Northern/Central Castillan Spanish and Modern Greek /s/.
  • The coronal liquid has 3 allophones broadly:
    • After a consonant, it is a postalveolar [ɾ̞].
    • Word-initially or intervocalically, it is a postalveolar [l̠] or [ɺ̠].
    • Before a consonant or word-finally, it is a postalveolar lateral [l̠], with varying resonances (though never velarized) depending on speaker.
  • /ŋ, kʰ, k/ are usually velar [ŋ, kʰ, k], but are often labialized pharyngealized uvular [ɴʷˁ, qʷˁʰ, qʷˁ] next to /ʀ~ʟ/. /kʰʀ/ becomes an affricate or a trilled affricate [qχ].
  • /ŋ, kʰ, k, x, ɣ/ palatalize to [ɲ, cʰ~cç, c, ç, j] before /iː yː iə yə eː øː/.
  • The uvular liquid /ʁ/:
    • The allophone occuring before vowels is a pharyngealized uvular fricative or approximant [ʁᵝˤ] in careful speech which devoices to [χᵝˤ] after an aspirate or another fricative. In casual speech it tends to become velar [ɰᵝ].
    • The allophone occuring before consonants is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant with compressed rounding [ʁ̞ᵝˤ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L.
    • In classical singing and some accents [ɫ] is used in all positions.
  • After a vowel, /ɣ/ disappears with compensatory lengthening of the vowel if the vowel is short. (Unless the /ɣ/ begins a stressed syllable.)

Fortis and lenis resonants

Certain accents and dialects preserve to varying degrees the Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 distinction between fortis and lenis resonants: /l L n N r R/.

One dialect has:

  • /l/ > /ʁᵝˤ/
  • /L/ > /l̪ˠ/
  • /n/ > /ð̞̃/
  • /N/ > /n/
  • /r/ > /ɹ/
  • /R/ > /ɾ/

Mutations

Consonant mutations
Grapheme m p b f n t d s* z r ŋ c g l 0
IPA /m/ /pʰ/ /p/ /f/ /n/ /tʰ/ /t/ /s/ /z/ /ɺ~l/ /ŋ/ /kʰ/ /k/ /ʀ~ʟ/ /ʔ/
Lenited mh ph bh fh - th dh sh zh - - ch gh - h-
IPA /w/ /f/ /v/ /h/ - /ɬ/ /ɮ/ /h/ silent - - /x/ /ɣ/ - /h/
Eclipsed - bp mb mhf - dt nd zs - - - gc ŋg - n-
IPA - /p/ /m/ /w/ - /t/ /n/ /z/ - - - /k/ /ŋ/ - /n/

*The clusters sb, sd, sg do not mutate.

Vowels

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a vowel system with a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities, vowel length, and the effects of L-vocalization.

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 vowels
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
short long short long short long short short
Close /ɪ/ /iː/ /ʏ/ /yː/ /ʉː/ /ʊ/
Mid /ɛ/ /eː/ /œ/ /øː/ [ə] /ɵː/ [ɤˁ] /ɔ/
Open /a/ /aː/

Diphthongs: /iə yə uə aw/

The vowel [ə] occurs only in unstressed syllables.

A hiatus between a root vowel and a schwa is written h in this article's orthography (Note /h/ is not allowed word-medially).

L-colored vowels

In Étaoin IlL/Spare pages 1/51 l-colored vowels and diphthongs result from combinations of any vowels or diphthongs with the vocalized velar liquid [ɤˁ]:

  • /iː/, /iə/ + [ɤˁ] > /iɤˁ/
  • /ɪ/ + [ɤˁ] > /ɪɤˁ/
  • /yː/, /yə/ + [ɤˁ] > /yɤˁ/
  • /ʏ/ + [ɤˁ] > /ʏɤˁ/
  • /ʊ/, /ʉː/, /uə/ + [ɤˁ] > /ʊˁː/
  • /eː/ + [ɤˁ] > /eɤˁ/
  • /ɛ/ + [ɤˁ] > /ɛɤˁ/
  • /øː/ + [ɤˁ] > /øɤˁ/
  • /œ/ + [ɤˁ] > /œɤˁ/
  • /ɔ/, /ɵː/ + [ɤˁ] > /ɔˁː/
  • /ɐ/, /aː/ + [ɤˁ] > /ɒˁː/

Notes

Close vowels
  • /iː/ is close front unrounded [iː] (listen).
  • /iə/ is phonetically [iə] (listen).
  • /iɤˁ/ is phonetically [iːɤˁ] (listen).
  • /yː/ is usually close near-front rounded [y̠ː] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
  • /yə/ is phonetically [yə], [y̠ə] or [ʏə] (listen).
  • /yɤˁ/ is phonetically [y̠ːɤˁ] (listen).
  • /ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.
  • /uə/ is phonetically [uə] or [ʊə] (listen). It is a monophthong [uː] for some speakers.
  • /ʊˁː/ is near-close back rounded [ʊ̠ˁː] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
    • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
  • /ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] (listen).
  • /ʏ/ is near-close near-front rounded [ʏ] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
  • /ʏɤˁ/ is phonetically [ʏɤˁ] (listen).
  • /ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.
Mid vowels
  • /eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː] (listen).
  • /eɤˁ/ is phonetically [eːɤˁ] (listen).
  • /øː/ is close-mid near-front rounded [ø̠ː] or mid front rounded [ø̞ː] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
  • /øɤˁ/ is phonetically [ø̠ːɤˁ] (listen).
  • /ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.
  • /ɔˁː/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
    • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [oɤˁ] or [ɔɤˁ].
  • /ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽] (listen).
  • /ɛɤˁ/ is phonetically [ɛ̞ɤˁ] (listen).
  • /œ/ is open-mid near-front rounded [œ] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
  • /œɤˁ/ is phonetically [œɤˁ] or [ɞɤˁ] (listen).
  • [ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] in pausa.
    • If a sonorant /m, n, ŋ, l/ follows in the syllable coda, the schwa often disappears so that the sonorant becomes syllabic.
  • [ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
  • /ɔ/ is open-mid back rounded [ɔ] or mid back rounded [o̞] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.
Open vowels
  • /aː/ is central unrounded [äː] (listen).
  • /ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ] (listen).
  • /ɑˁː/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɑɤˁ] or [äɤˁ] (listen).

Umlaut

Vowels in the first syllable of roots may undergo i-mutation or umlaut or under the addition of some affixes.

Umlaut
Root vowel a a e é i í ie o ó uo u ú
Umlauted e é i í - - í ø ǿ yø y ý

Phonotactics

Allowed initial clusters in roots:

  • bl br cl cn cr dl dr fl fr gl gn gr ml mn mr ŋl ŋr (pl) (pr) (sb) sd sg sgl sgr sl sm sn sŋ sr tn tl tr

Some phonological rules

  • unstressed -ewe- > -ú- /ʉː/
  • /ʏw/, /yəw/, /yːw/ > /ʉː/

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns are classed into two genders and are inflected in two numbers (singular and plural) and three states (indefinite, definite, construct).

Masculine vowel declension

Used mostly with some noun suffixes, such as -edh, -ǿng

ést - 'word'
Number→
State↓ 		Singular Plural
Indefinite ést ésten
Definite a :héste éstel
Construct éstedh éstel
1sg possessor éstene éstelne
2sg.m possessor éstis éstelis
2sg.f possessor éstus éstelus
3sg.m possessor ǿstu éstelu
3sg.f possessor ésti ésteli
1exc possessor éstem éstelem
1inc possessor ésted ésteled
2pl possessor éstek éstelek
3pl possessor éstel éstelel

Masculine consonantal declension

The mutation after the noun surfaces on adjectives and genitive nouns.

suol - 'house'
Number→
State↓ 		Singular Plural
Indefinite suol syøle
Definite a s:huol syølen
Construct suoledh syølel
1sg possessor suolne syølelne
2sg.m possessor suolis syølelis
2sg.f possessor suolus syølelus
3sg.m possessor suolu syølelu
3sg.f possessor syøli syøleli
1exc possessor suolem syølelem
1inc possessor suoled syøleled
2pl possessor suolek syølelek
3pl possessor suolel syølelel

Masculine nouns with -Cedh: -Cedh / -Cten / -Cte / -Ctel / -Ctedh / -Cter (indef sg / indef pl / def sg/ def pl / const sg / const pl)

Feminine consonant declension

iamh - 'mother'
Number→
State↓ 		Singular Plural
Indefinite iamh iamhar
Definite a n-iamh a iamh
Construct iamhadh iamhann

Feminine nouns with -Cedh: -Cedh / -Ctel / -Ctedh / -Cten (indef sg / indef pl / const sg / const pl)

Mass and collective nouns

Mass and collective nouns are either singularia tantum or pluralia tantum; these can have a significantly different indefinite singular state.

nǿhe (f.) - 'heat'
Number→
State↓ 		Singular
Indefinite nǿhe
Definite a nǿhe
Construct nǿhedh

Adjectives

Declension paradigms

The definite article is a, and is an before vowels.

Sample declensions

sieth 'sharp'
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Predicative sieth a nguol sieth a t:diłng sieth nguolen sieth a tiłng
Indefinite nguol s:zieth tiłng sieth nguole siethe tiłngel siethel
Definite a ngyøl s:hieth a t:diłng s:zieth nguolen siethen a tiłng sieth
Construct nguole s:hieth tyłnge s:hieth nguolel siethen tyłngel sieth


éthew 'holy'
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Predicative éthew a éste éthew a t:diłng éthew ésten éthew a tiłng
Indefinite éste éthew tiłng éthew ésten éthú tiłngel éthúl
Definite a ést :héthew a t:diłng :ngéthew éstel éthún a tiłng :héthew
Construct éstedh :héthew tyłnge :héthew éstel éthún tyłngel éthew

Degree

The comparative form of adjectives is formed with the suffix -ene ⟨-anna⟩. The comparandum is marked with the particle lá ⟨rá⟩ 'than'.

The superlative is formed with the suffix -ente ⟨-anta⟩.

Pronouns

Personal

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 personal pronouns
1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl.ex 1pl.in 2pl 3pl
Independent ná ziel hiel ngú hí gáw géd zéd hál
Dependent dhá iel iel ú í áw kél sél ál

To emphasize a pronoun or an inflected preposition, -de is added to the pronoun.

Other

  • tá = what?
  • tuov = who?
  • tach = where?

Prepositions

Prepositions are inflected, as in the ancestor Thensarian.

moL, m' comes from a word meaning "next to". It is also the direct object marker for definite persons (like Romanian pe).

Inflection of prepositions
1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl.ex 1pl.in 2pl 3pl
chǿ 'before' chǿn chǿs chós chó chǿ chǿm chǿd chǿk chǿl
de-L, d'- 'in, at' dán dies dyøs dyø dí diem died diek diel
dli-N 'on' dlien dlis dlys dlú dlí dlim dlid dlik dlil
gir 'from' geren giris girus giru giri girem gired girek girel
go-L 'with' guon gyøs guos gú gý guom guod guok guol
mo-L, m'- muon myøs muos mú mý muom muod muok muol
na 'with (instrumental)' nén nés nǿs nǿ né ném néd nek nél
liz 'alienable possession marker' lizen lizis lizus lizu lizi lizem lized lizek lizel
lu (ergative) lýn lús lýs lú lý lým lýd lýk lýl
so 'to' suon sýs sús sú sý súm súd súk súl
zad 'after' zaden zadis zadus zadu zadi zadem zaded zadak zadel

Dli can be used to indicate obligation, as in Irish and Hebrew:

Dlien k:chéseredh a k:chésen.
[ˈdɾiən ˈçeːsəʀəɬ ə ˈçeːsn̩]
on-1SG eat-VN-CONST MO DEF.SG.M food
I have to eat the food.

Verbs

Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 had a verb system with complex alternations, almost comparable to that of Old Irish. Modern IlL/Spare pages 1/51 simplified this system substantially, leaving behind a mixture of synthetic forms (used without a subject pronoun) and analytic forms (used with a subject noun or pronoun), similar to the Modern Irish system. Due to their different origins - namely, synthetic forms come from Thensarian conjugated verbs while analytic forms come from Thensarian participles or verbal nouns - they often morphologically behave differently.

Addition of the b-prefix

Certain verb forms undergo the morphophonological process of b-prefixation, which stems from the Thensarian 3rd person singular object prefix bi-. The b-prefix is not added to analytic forms (since those come from participles), impersonal forms, or imperatives.

For unprefixed verbs, the b-prefix is added by lenition of the stem's initial consonant. If the result of lenition begins with a vowel, then b'- is added.

For prefixed verbs, the addition of the b-prefix works as follows:

  • For prefixes ending in a resonant, the first consonant of the root undergoes eclipsis.
    • síł-slechtedh ná 'I restrain', síł-s:zlechtel 'you restrain'
  • For other prefixes, the mutation that would otherwise be induced by the prefix is blocked.
    • pie-z:ofedh ná 'I make an effort', pie-zofel 'you make an effort'

Present tense

The present tense is conjugated as follows. For some verbs, umlaut occurs with certain affixes.

Template:Col-3
Present tense
Singular Plural
1.ex STEM-edh ná
BSTEM-en (poetic) 		STEM-ú
1.in - STEM-edh géd
BSTEM-ed (poetic)
2 BSTEM-el STEM-edh zéd
BSTEM-esk (poetic)
3.m STEM-edh ngú/hí STEM-edh hál
Impersonal STEM-(a)1le

Present tense of the verb moredh 'thank'
Singular Plural
1.ex moredh ná
m:woren (poetic) 		m:worú
1.in - moredh éd
m:wored (poetic)
2 m:worel moredh zéd
m:wolesk (poetic)
3.m moredh ngú
moredh hí 		moredh hál
Impersonal mołle

Present tense of the verb idedh 'lie in a place'
Singular Plural
1.ex idedh ná
b'iden (poetic) 		b'idú
1.in - idedh éd
b'ided (poetic)
2 b'idel idedh zéd
b'idesk (poetic)
3.m idedh ngú
idedh hí 		idedh hál
Impersonal idele


1 The buffer -e- is added when the previous consonant is a coronal.

Imperfect tense

To form the imperfect tense, the particle gré is used before the verb, -e is added to the stem, and the verb undergoes eclipsis.

  • gré more ná 'I used to thank'
  • gré :ngide hí 'she used to lie'

Preterite tense

The preterite is considered archaic in Standard IlL/Spare pages 1/51. It may be found in remote or isolated dialects.

Perfect tense

The suffix i-ín is added to the stem to form the past participle. The subject is preceded by an ergative marker lu. For the impersonal the subject is simply omitted. This is the standard way of forming the preterite in Étaoin IlL/Spare pages 1/51.

Késín ruk lýn.
I ate/have eaten a fruit.

Pluperfect tense

gró + past participle. This tense uses ergative alignment like the preterite.

  • gró mørín ná 'I had thanked'
  • gró idín hí 'she had lain'

Future tense

Template:Col-3
Future tense
Singular Plural
1.ex STEM-tedh ná
BSTEM-ten (poetic) 		STEM-tú
1.in - STEM-tedh géd
BSTEM-ted (poetic)
2 BSTEM-tel STEM-tedh zéd
BSTEM-tesk (poetic)
3.m STEM-tedh ngú/hí STEM-tedh hár
Impersonal STEM-ert

Future tense of the verb moredh 'thank'
Singular Plural
1.ex mołtedh ná
m:wołten (poetic) 		m:wołtú
1.in - mołtedh éd
m:wołted (poetic)
2 m:wołtel mołtedh zéid
m:wołtesk (poetic)
3.m mołtedh ngú/hí mołtedh hál
Impersonal morelt

Future tense of the verb idedh 'lie in a place'
Singular Plural
1.ex idetedh ná
b'ideten (poetic) 		b'idetú
1.in - idetedh géid
b'ideted (poetic)
2 b'idetel idetedh zéid
b'idetesk (poetic)
3.m idetedh ngú
idetedh hí 		idetedh hál
Impersonal idelt


The future marker t is lenited to th after c and p.

Future perfect tense

fácht + past participle. This tense uses ergative alignment like the preterite.

Imperative

Template:Col-3
Imperative
Singular Plural
1.ex - -
1.in - STEM-ed!
2 STEM! STEM-esk!
3.m - -
Impersonal -

Imperative of the verb moredh 'thank'
Singular Plural
1.ex - -
1.in - mored!
2 moł! moresk!
3.m - -
Impersonal -

Imperative of the verb idedh 'lie in a place'
Singular Plural
1.ex - -
1.in - ided!
2 id! idesk!
3.m - -
Impersonal -


Verbal noun

The verbal noun serves many important syntactic functions.

Some affixes for verbal nouns:

  • i-eł
  • -e/-es?
  • -ech
  • ablaut
  • bare stem
  • i-umlaut

Numbers

  • 1: ciamh
  • 2: tiothar
  • 3: naidhgh
  • 4: daoibh
  • 5: soilidh
  • 6: stámh
  • 7: ruaidh
  • 8: loiridh
  • 9: bairbh
  • 10: eor
  • 11: eáichimh
  • 12: nae

Numbers must be used with singular nouns. The numbers kiew and stáw come after the noun, while other numbers come before it.

Derivational morphology

Below are some common IlL/Spare pages 1/51 derivational affixes:

  • i-e (f): nominalizer
  • -ev: diminutive
  • -ech: verbal noun (the most common suffix)
  • -á: adjectivizer
  • -eł: adjectivizer
  • i-eł (m.): nominalizer
    • ŋølkeł 'bitterness, resentment' < ŋolk 'bitter'
  • -al: diminutive
  • i-ew: adjectivizer
    • køthlew 'floral' < kothel 'flower'
  • -dí (f): nominalizer
  • -dúve: '-logy', '-ism'
  • é-: 'common, co-' (from Thensarian ēs-)
    • étøn: 'common/universal, standard' < tøn 'mold, cast'
  • í-L: non-
  • -í/-zí: adjective suffix (Kagasa)
  • -gén (f): abstract noun
  • mí-: mis-
    • míwóhech "misuse" < móhech "use"
  • i-øŋ, indef. pl. i-øŋen, def. pl. i-øŋel: agentive (< Thn. -iōȝī < Kagasa -yōȝi)
    • spýthǿŋ 'spýth player' < spýth 'a Talmic lute, usually fretless or with movable frets'
  • -uol: augmentative
  • -lá: able
    • káslá = edible
  • -st-: adjectivizer, [NOUN]-like

Syntax

Constituent order

The overall syntax of IlL/Spare pages 1/51 resembles that of Irish but with more flexibility.

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is almost completely head-initial, except for compound words which are head-final. The constituent order is VSO. Background information (usually in the order time-manner-place) may be placed before the verb (unlike in Irish), after the subject, or after the direct object. However, no constituent may come between the verb and the subject.

Noun phrase

Adjectives

Adjectives always follow their head nouns.

Possessive noun phrases

In possessive noun phrases the possessed noun uses the construct form, and the possessor (indefinite or definite) is placed after it. For pronominal possessors, the disjunctive pronoun is used.

Moredh a t:thacht m'yøwedh ú.
/ˈmɔˤːʀəɬ ʔə ˈɬɐxt ˈm‿yəwəɬ ʉː/
mol-adh a-L tachd moL émh-uadh ú
thank-PRES DEF.SG.M child MO mother-CONS.SG.F 3SG.M.DISJ
The child thanks his mother.

Verb phrase

Negation

  • interrogative: is-L
  • negative: tí
  • negative interrogative: iest-L

Sentence phrase

Predicate nouns and adjectives

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is zero-copula, like Hebrew. For predicate sentences, the predicate (unmarked) form of the predicate noun or adjective is placed before the subject, and the pronoun is used.

Zodhme ŋú kothel.
A flower is a plant.
Zodhme ŋú.
It's a plant.

Similarly for definite nouns as subjects, though the pronoun is not mandatory in this case:

Zodhme (ŋú) a k:chothel.
The flower is a plant.
Áld (hí) a k:gowne.
The woman is tall.
Áld hí.
She is tall.

Existential sentences

Conjunctions

  • al: 'and'
  • rú: 'or'
  • ach: 'but'
  • li-N: 'that (relative clause)'
  • ní-L : 'that (complement clause)'
  • fódh-N: 'because'
  • dri-L: 'when, if'

Dependent clauses

Relative clauses

The relativizer is liN (negative líd). A resumptive pronoun may be used when the head is not the subject of the relative clause, and is mandatory when the head is a prepositional object or a possessor.

A k:chal li f:wølu "Ziveln"
The man whose name was "Lightning"

Verbs in relative clauses may be placed anywhere within the relative clause, subject to the constraint that the verb and (syntactic) subject may not be separated unless the subject of the relative clause is the head. If the subject is the head, the relativizer li may be omitted, however in that case the verb must immediately follow the head.

Nominalized relative clauses use nuol li... 'those who...'

nuol li míwóhedh ú
'those who misuse it'

Time clauses

There are two ways of forming time clauses.

Infinitive clauses

Infinitive clauses resemble German zu-infinitive clauses in that they are verb-final: the infinitive is used at the end. The particle used before the infinitive is ho-L /hɔ/.

Tí róskeł fách ná, s'a s:huol lizen ho f:hlúnech.
I was unable to return to my house.

Phrasebook

  • Feren [NAME]. = My name is [NAME].
  • Re... = Well...
  • Tá a g:ŋøwle? (vulgar) = I don't give a shit!

Sample texts

The North Wind and the Sun

Phonetic version

An b:vuołkołn al an :ngúd

Kiewlách gré an b:vuołkołn al an :ngúd d'uskech go nale dli ní, t:thuov girel édhene, án nyødhín zothlǿng de léhe d'z:ýl go :hespeł f:wún dlú. Ieliedhín tytheln ní, ngamew édhene zufín ho ré ngú an b:ván li k:grynteteth sú hǿn, s'an z:othlǿng ho lá, an :hespeł lizu ho d:dhelvech. Úle ngolín an b:vuołkołn go t:thán li gré conlethu, ach go ngolech al gré ngole ngú, ón al-sngýchtín an :hespeł lizu lu an z:othlǿng dli ngúłdhu. Di hél an t:dánev, síł-wárín an b:vuołkołn gił an snǿseł. Úle sásefín fýne lu an :ngúd, al k:chéhest delvín an :hespeł lizu lu an z:othlǿng. Al anást fáchín frénín an b:vuołkołn ho g:gholgiespech, ní an :ngúd hí an b:ván :hédhene.

Orthographic version

A bhólcoln ar an ŋ-úd

Ciamhrách g'laí an bhólcoln ar an ŋ-úd d'usgach go nar dri ní thóbh gilar aédhanna, án nuaidhín zothróiŋ de reía d'zhíor go h-eisbel mhfúnn drú. Éréidhín tiotharann ní ŋamamh aédhanna zufín sho laí ŋú an bhánn ri gcluintetadh sú heíon, s'an zhothróiŋ sho reá, an h-eisbel rizu sho dhearbhach. Iomhra ŋorrín an bhólcoln go thán ri g'laí conrathu, ach go ŋorrach ar g'laí ŋorra ŋú, aón ar-sŋúichdín an h-eisbel rizu ru an zhothróiŋ dri ŋlúdhu. Di fhaír an dtánabh, síl-mhfáilín an bhólcoln gil an snóisel. Iomhra sásaín fúinne ru an ŋ-úd, ar cheíesd dearbhín an h-eisbel rizu ru an zhothróiŋ. Ar anásd fáchín fléinín an bhólcoln sho ghorgéach, ní an ŋ-úd hí an bhánn h-aédhanna.

Gloss

Kiewlách gré a b:vuołkołn al a :ngúd d'uskech go nale dli ní t:thuov girel édhene, án nyødhín zothlǿng de léhe d'z:ýl go :hespeł f:wún dlú.
[ˈcʰiəwl̠äːx qʷˁeː ə ˈvʊːˁkʰɔːˁn əl̠ ə ˈŋʉ̠ːt ˈtʊs̠kəx kə ˈnal̠ə dɾɪ niː ˈɬɵ̠ːv ˈɡɪʁᵝəl̠ ˈeːɮənə̟ ǀ äːn ˈnyəɮiːn ˈz̠ɔɬl̠øːŋ də ˈl̠eːə ˈdyːl̠ ɡə ˈhɛs̠pɤᵝˁ ˈwʉ̠ːn dɾʉ̠ː]
kiewlách gré-N a-L buołkołn al a-N úd de-L uskech go-L nale dli ní-L tuov gir-el édh-ene, án-L nyødh-ín zothl-ǿng de-L léhe de-L zýl go-L espeł N-fún dl-ú
one_time IPF DEF.M.SG north-wind and DEF.F.SG sun COMIT each_other on COMP who from-3PL strong-CMPV, when easily-PST.PART travel-AGT LOC come-VN LOC way COMIT cloak INDEF.M.SG.warm on-3SG
Once the north wind and the sun were arguing with each other about which one was stronger, when a traveler appeared in the way with a warm cloak on him.
Ieliedhín tythlen ní ngamew édhene zuspín ho ré ngú a b:ván li k:gryntetedh sú hǿn, s'an z:othlǿng ho lá, a :hespeł lizu ho d:dhelvech.
[ˈʔiəl̠iəɮiːn ˈtʰʏɬl̠ən niː ˈŋɐməw ˈeːɮənə ˈʐʊs̠piːn hɔ̽ ʁeː ŋʉ̠ː ə väːn l̠ɪ ɢʷˁʏntʰətʰəɬ s̠ʉ̠ː høːn ǀ s̠ən ˈɔɬl̠øːŋ hɔ̽ ˈl̠äː ə ˈhɛs̠pɤᵝˁ l̠ɪz̠ʊ hɔ̽ ˈɮɛl̠vəx]
ie-liedh-ín tythel-en ní-L ngamew édhene zusp-ín ho-L ré ngú a-L bán li-N k:grynt-et-edh s-ú hǿn so-L an-L z:othlǿng ho-L lá, a-L espeł liz-u ho-L delv-ech
together-come-PST.PART two-DEF.M.PL COMP must strong-CMPV TEL-count_as-PST.PART TO_INFINITIVE be.VN 3SG.M.INDEP DEF-M one REL succeed-FUT-PART to-3SG.M first to DEF.M.SG traveller TO_INFINITIVE make.VN DEF.M.SG cloak POSS-3SG.M TO_INFINITIVE take_off-VN
The two agreed that he was to be considered stronger who would first succeed in making the traveler take off his cloak.
Úle ngolín a b:vuołkołn go t:thán li gré conlethu, ach go ngolech al gré ngole ngú, ón al-sngýchtín a :hespeł lizu lu an z:othlǿng dli ngúłdhu.
[ˈʔʉ̠ːl̠ə ˈŋɔl̠iːn ə ˈvʊːˁkʰɔːˁn gə ˈɬäːn lɪ qʷˁeː ˈkʰɔnl̠əɬʊ ǀ ʔɐx ˈŋɔl̠əx əl̠ qʷˁeː ˈŋɔl̠ə ŋʉ̠ː ǀ ˈɵːn ˈɐl̠s̠ɲyːxtiːn ˈhɛs̠pɤᵝˁ l̠ɪz̠ʊ l̠ʊ ən ˈɔɬl̠øːŋ ə dɾɪ ˈŋʊᵝˁɮʊ]
Úle ngol-ín a buołkłn go-L tán li-N gré conleth-u ach go-L ngol-ech al gré ngol-e ngú ón al-sngýcht-ín a-L espeł liz-u lu an zothlǿng dli ngúłdh-u
now blow-PST.PART DEF.M.SG north_wind COMI all DEF IPFV might-3SG.M, but COMI blow-VN and IPFV blow-IPFV 3SG.M.INDEP more fasten-PST.PART DEF.M.SG cloak POSS-3SG.M ERG DEF.M.SG traveller on body-3SG.M
Now the north wind blew with all his might, but the more he blew, the more did the traveler fasten the cloak around him.
De f:hél a t:dánev, síł-wárín a b:vuołkołn gił a snǿseł.
[tɛ ˈheːl̠ ə däːnəv ˈsiːɤᵝˁwɑːʁᵝiːn ə ˈvʊːˁkʰɔːˁn gɪɤᵝˁ ə ˈʂnøːs̠ɤᵝˁ]
de-L fél a-N tánev síł-wár-ín a-L buołkołn gił a-L snǿs-eł
LOC bottom DEF lamp give_up-PST.PART DEF.M.SG north_wind from DEF.SG.N continue-VN
Realizing that continuing would be futile, the north wind gave up continuing.
Úle sásefín fýne lu a :ngúd, al k:chéhest delvín a :hespeł lizu lu an z:othlǿng.
[ˈʔʉ̠ːl̠ə ˈs̠äːs̠əfiːn ˈfyːnə l̠ʊ ə ˈŋʉ̠ːt ǀ əl̠ ˈçeːəst tɛl̠viːn ə ˈhɛs̠pɤᵝˁ ˈl̠ɪz̠ʊ l̠ʊ ən ˈɔɬl̠øːŋ]
úle sásef-ín fýne lu a-N úd al L-céhest delv-ín a-L hespeł liz-u lu an-L zothlǿng
now shine-PST.PART warmth ERG DEF.F.SG sun, and ADV-immediate take_off-PST.PART DEF.M.SG cloak ERG DEF.M.SG traveler
Now the sun shined out warmth, and immediately the traveler took off his cloak.
Al anást fách frénín a b:vuołkołn ho g:gholgéhech, ní a :ngúd hí a b:ván :hédhene.
[əl̠ əˈnäːs̠t fäːx ˈfʁᵝeːniːn ə ˈvʊːˁkʰɔːˁn hɔ̽ ˈɣɔl̠geːəx ǀ niː ə ˈŋʉ̠ːt hiː ə väːn ˈheːɮənə̟]
al anást fách frén-ín a-L buołkołn ho-L golgie-ech ní a-N úd hí a-L bán L-édh-ene
and thus be.PRET obligate-PST.PART DEF.M.SG TO_INFINITIVE confess.VN, COMP DEF.F.SG 3SG.F.INDEP DEF.M.SG one DEF.M.SG-strong-CMPV
And thus the north wind was obliged to admit that the sun was the stronger one.

UDHR, Article 1

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