User:Frrurtu/Sandbox
| Old Gaju | |
|---|---|
| Gachu | |
| Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|'gaɟu]] |
| Created by | – |
| Setting | Rttirria |
| Native to | East Rttirria |
Rttirrian
| |
Old Gaju (English: /'gɑːd͡ʒuː/, Old Gaju: ['gaɟu], Rttirri: [ˈkɑcu]) was an old form of the Gaju language, spoken by the Gaju people in eastern Rttirria. It was spoken over a much larger area than modern Gaju is: over most of eastern Rttirria. It is a member of the Rttirrian language family, descended from the Proto-South-Rttirrian langauge that is also the ancestor of modern Rttirri, the nation's official language.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ny /ɲ/ | ||
| Plosive | p /p/ b /b/ |
t /t/ d /d/ |
ty /c/ j /ɟ/ |
k /k/ g /g/ |
|
| Fricative | f /f/ v /v/ |
s /s/ sh /ʃ/ |
sy /ç/ | kh /x/ | h /h/ |
| Affricate | ts /t͡s/ ch /t͡ʃ/ |
||||
| Approximant | w /w/ | l /l/ | y /j/ |
In addition, the following consonants were allowed in loanwords: ng /ŋ/, z /z/, th /θ/, dh /ð/, hh /ʔ/.
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i /i/ | u /u/ |
| Mid | e /e/ | o /o/ |
| Low | a /a/ | aa /ɑ/ |
Old Gaju distinguished two tones: high and low. In addition, two contour tones were allowed in loanwords: rising and falling. |}
Grammar
Verbs
The Old Gaju verb was somewhat agglutinative, but did not have the inflectional complexity that had developed in Classical Rttirri by this point. However, an aspect and politeness system, which have not existed in any form of Rttirri, developed from the Proto-South-Rttirrian evidentiality system.
| Verb Slot | Allowable Inputs |
|---|---|
| Aspect/Politeness | na- (perfective) nye- (polite perfective) su- (habitual) sya- (polite habitual) |
| Mood | -sya- (optative) -ppa- (adhortative) -nai- (subjunctive) -kanai- (conditional) -kka- (imperative) -kamumu- (generic) |
| Tense | -pu/tu/rtu/tyu- (past) -mi/ni/rni/nyi- (future) |
| Verb Root (†) + Question Infix |
any verb |
| Auxiliary Verb | -kaki- ("to be able to") -kau- ("to want to") -rtika- ("to like to") and others |
Nouns
Nouns could take the following cases:
| Case | Suffix |
|---|---|
| nominative | (none) |
| accusative | (none) |
| dative | -kka |
| ablative | -hha |
| locative | -ri |
| comitative | -rta |
| instrumental | -rratye |
| vocative | -chatta |
Pronouns
The following pronouns were used, but were not affixed to the verb:
| Verb Slot | Allowable Inputs |
|---|---|
| Nominative | na (I) ke (you) wa (he/she/it) ma (we) ta (you all) rta (they) |
| Accusative | ni (me) ki (you) ge (him/her/it) mi (us) ti (you all) hhi (them) |
Syntax
Word order was subject-object-verb (SOV).
The question particle was syi.