Eta-Talmic

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Proto-Talmic is the last common ancestor of all Talmic languages (including Thensarian, Tíogall, Nurian, Roshterian, ...).

Diachronics

Some sound changes from Proto-Quihum:

  • Early rhotacization: lʼ, nʼ, yʼ > r
  • Ejectives become voiced stops:
    • cʼ z > z
    • ƛʼ λ > ɮ
    • qʼ qʷʼ > ɢ ɢʷ > ʁ ʁʷ
  • xʷ > w word initially before a vowel
  • ƛ > t
  • Late rhotacization: z > r (s in unvoiced environments)
  • lenition of p > φ
  • Cluster simplifications
  • tk, tq > rk, rq

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
Labial Alveolar Lateral Palatal Velar Labiovelar Uvular Labiouvular Glottal
Nasal *m *n
Plosive voiceless *t *k *kʷ *q *qʷ
voiced *b *d *g *gʷ
Fricative voiceless *s *h
voiced *ʁʷ
Resonant *r *l *j *w

Vowels

a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū

Diphthongs:

ai ei oi ui au eu iu ou

Thensarian reflexes

PTal reflexes in bold

  • *a > o > o
  • *ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ > ā > ā
  • *aʔ, əx̌ʷ > ō > ō
  • *ə > e > e
  • *i > i > i
  • *u > u > u
  • *ay > oi > ȳ
  • *əy > ai > ae
  • *iy > ei > ē
  • *uy > ui > ui
  • *iʔ, ix > ī > ī
  • *aw > ou > ao
  • *əw > eu >
  • *iw > iu >
  • *uʔ, ux, uxʷ > ū > ū
  • *uw > ou > ao
  • *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca > Ca
  • *Cxʷ > Co > Co
  • *Cx > Cə > Cy
  • *əʔ, əx, ix̌ > ē > ē
  • *ux̌, x̌u > ō > ō
  • *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > au > ao
  • *ixʷ, ix̌ʷ > eu >
  • *ux̌ʷ > ō > ō
  • *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ > ija >
  • *əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ > eja >
  • *iy(ə)x > ije >

Morphology

Verbs

TAM + subject markers

Present indicative
Person baisman "I swim"
(vowel stem)
kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *baisman *kaφsən
2SG *baismar *kaφsər
3SG.M *baismam *kaφsəm
3SG.F *baismasim *kaφsəsim
3SG.N *baisma *kaφs
1EX *baismamē *kaφsmē
1IN *baismant *kaφsənt
2PL *baismaske *kaφsəske
3PL *baismat *kaφsət


Preterite indicative
Person baisman "I swim"
(vowel stem)
kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *baismannem *keφsənnem
2SG *baismaroid *keφsroid
3SG.M *baismasəm *keφsəsəm
3SG.F *baismast *keφsəst
3SG.N *baismaso *keφso
1EX *baismamer *keφsəmer
1IN *baismanter *keφsənter
2PL *baismasker *keφsəsker
3PL *baismater *keφsəter


Person baisman "I swim"
(vowel-stem)
kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
2SG baismā! kaφsə!
1IN baismantē! kaφsəntē!
2PL baismaskē! kaφsəskē!

Syntax

  • *-is = emphatic particle