Hadda
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Hadda (Native: ħaɗɗa) is an a priori language inspired by various African languages.
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
IPA | Latin | Simplified Latin | Marasa | Arabic | Ge'ez | Hebrew | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | A a | A a | ـَ | አ | סַ | ||
aː | Aa aa | Aa aa | ـَا | ኣ | סַא | ||
b | B b | B b | ب | በ | ּב | ||
β̞ | Ƀ ƀ | B b | ب | ቨ | ב | allophone of /b/ between vowels | |
ɓ | Ɓ ɓ | B' b' | ڀ | ጰ | קּו | ||
c | C c | Ch ch | چ | ቸ | כ׳ | ||
d | D d | D d | د | ደ | ּד | ||
ð̞ | Đ đ | D d | ذ | ደ | ך | allophone of /d/ between vowels | |
ð | Dh dh | ዘ | ךֿ | occurs in loanwords; nativized as /d ~ ð̞/ | |||
ɗ | Ɗ ɗ | D' d' | ڟ | ጠ | טּ | ||
ɛ | E e | E e | ـٖ | ኤ | סֵ | ||
ɛː | Ee ee | Ee ee | ـٖي | סֵי | |||
f | F f | F f | ف | ፈ | פ | ||
g | G g | G g | ݣ | ገ | גּ | ||
ɣ̞ | Ǥ ǥ | G g | ڠ | ገ | ג | allophone of /g/ between vowels | |
ʁ | Ɣ ɣ | Gh gh | غ | ኀ | גֿ | occurs in loanwords; nativized as /g ~ ɣ̞/ | |
ɠ | Ɠ ɠ | G' g' | ڨ | ቀ | קּ | ||
gʷ | Gw gw | Gw gw | ڭو | ጐ | גּו | ||
h | H h | H h | ھ | ሀ | ה | allophone of /k/ between vowels in non-guttural environment; phonemic in loanwords (nativized as /ħ/) | |
hʷ | Hw hw | Hw hw | هو | ዀ | הו | allophone of /kʷ/ between vowels in non-guttural environment | |
ħ | Ħ ħ | X x | ح | ሐ | ח | ||
χ | X x | Kh kh | خ | ኸ | כֿ | occurs in loanwords; nativized as /k ~ h/ or /ħ/ | |
i | I i | I i | ـِ | ኢ | סִ | ||
iː | Ii ii | Ii ii | ـِي | סִי | |||
ɟ | J j | J j | ج | ጀ | גּ׳ | ||
ʄ | Ɉ ɉ | J' j' | ݘ | ጨ | קּ׳ | ||
k | K k | K k | ک | ከ | כ | ||
kʷ | Kw kw | Kw kw | کو | ኰ | כו | ||
l | L l | L l | ل | ለ | ל | ||
m | M m | M m | م | መ | מ | ||
n | N n | N n | ن | ነ | נ | ֹ | |
ɲ | Ɲ ɲ | Ny ny | ݧ | ኘ | נ׳ | ||
ŋ | Ŋ ŋ | Ng ng | ݢ | ጘ | נ״ | ||
ŋʷ | Ŋw ŋw | Ngw ngw | ڬو | ⶓ | נ״ו | ||
ɔ | O o | O o | ـٗ | ኦ | סֹ | ||
ɔː | O o | O o | ـٗو | סוֹ | |||
p | P p | P p | پ | ፐ | פּ | occurs in loanwords; nativized as /f/ or /b/ | |
q | Q q | Q q | ق | ቀ | קּ | occurs in loanwords; nativized as /ɠ ~ ʔ/ or /k/ | |
ʔ | Ɂ ɂ | ' | ٯٔ ، ء | ቐ | ק | allophone of /ɠ/ between vowels | |
ʕ | Ҁ ҁ | C c | ع | ዐ | ע | ||
ɾ | R r | R r | ر | ረ | ר | allophone of /l/ between vowels; occurs phonemically in loanwords (nativized as /l ~ ɾ/) | |
rˀ | Ɍ ɍ | R' r' | ݬ | [ጠ] | ט | allophone of /ɗ/ between vowels | |
s | S s | S s | س | ሰ | ס | ||
ʃ | Σ ʃ | Sh sh | ش | ሸ | ש | ||
t | T t | T t | ت | ተ | ת | ||
θ | Ŧ ŧ | Th th | ث | ሠ | תֿ | occurs in loanwords; nativized as /t/ or /s/ | |
u | U u | U u | ـُ | ኡ | סֻ | ||
uː | Uu uu | Uu uu | ـُو | סוּ | |||
v | V v | V v | ۋ | ቨ | בֿ | occurs in loanwords; nativized as /b ~ β̞ /, /f/, or /w/ | |
w | W w | W w | و | ወ | ו | allophone of /gʷ/ between vowels; phonemic word-initially | |
ʔʷ | Ⱳ ⱳ | 'W 'w | ؤ | ቘ | קו | allophone of /ɓ/ between vowels | |
j | Y y | Y y | ي | የ | י | allophone of /ɟ/ between vowels; phonemic word-initially | |
ʔʲ | Ƴ ƴ | 'Y 'y | ئ | [ጨ] | ק׳ | allophone of /ʄ/ between vowels | |
z | Z z | Z z | ز | ዘ | ז | occurs in loanwords; nativized as /s/ or /d ~ ð̞/ | |
ʒ | ʒ | Zh zh | ژ | ዠ | ז׳ | occurs rarely in loanwords; nativized as /ɟ ~ j/ or /ʃ/ |
Consonants
Allophones and loanword-exclusive phonemes are enclosed in brackets. (needs to be updated)
Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labiovelar | Pharyngeal/Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋw /ŋʷ/ | |||
Plosive | voiceless | (p) | t | c | k | kw /kʷ/ | (q) | (ʔ) |
voiced | b | d | j /ɟ/ | g | gw /gʷ/ | |||
glottalized | ɓ | ɗ | ɉ /ʄ/ | ɠ | ||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s, (ŧ /θ/) | (ʃ) | (x) | (hw /hʷ/) | ħ | (h) |
voiced | (v) | (z), (đ /ð/) | (ɣ) | |||||
Approximant | voiced | (v /β̞/) | (đ /ð̝/) | y /j/ | (ɣ /ɣ̞/) | w | ʕ | |
glottalized | (ɽ /ʔ͡r/) | (ƴ /ʔʲ/) | (ⱳ /ʔʷ/) | |||||
lateral | l | |||||||
Flap | (r /ɾ/) |