User:IlL/Spare pages 1/4

IlL/Spare pages 1/4 is a Wiebian lect and the official language of the Kurm Republic. It's inspired by Irish and Chinese: it's a monosyllabic tonal language with palatalized consonants and initial consonant mutations.

Sound changes

• s!x > sng! > hng <sng>
• sch > s!= > k= <sc>

From Schnueher:

Tone from French style weakening of finals? (-d, -t > high (short V)/rising (long V); -s > low (short V)/falling (long V); -de/-te > -t)

final stops > high tone; final -Ce > final -C; final -l > ŋ

nasal vowels > vowel + w

-s would still serve as a tone marker

⟨ach⟩ /âː/

Some AW sources for finals:

• -p < -fe, -ffe, -pf(e), -be
• -t < -de, -te
• -k < -cke
• -m < -me, -mpfe
• -n < -ne, -nde, -nze
• -ŋ < -nge, -nke, -l, -le
  • -l should color heavily: chain shift ii, ɪɪ, ee, ɛɛ > yy, ʏʏ, øø, œœ > uu, ʊʊ, oo, ɔɔ
• -w < -m, -n, -nd, -ng, -nk, -b, -f
• -ː < -ge
• -j < -tz, -tze, -sche, -st, -ste, -che (ich-laut), -se
• -h < -re, -che

Uncategorized: -mpf, -mpfe, -nd, -nde, -nz, -nze, -nk, -nke > -m(h), -n(ʔ), -n(h), -ŋ(ʔ)?

Phonology

Initials

Consonant phonemes

		Labial		Dental		Alveolar		Velar		Laryngeal
		broad	slender	broad	slender	broad	slender	slender	broad
Nasal	voiceless	ʰmˠ	ʰmʲ	ʰn̪ˠ			ʰnʲ	ʰɲ	ʰŋ
	voiced	mˠ	mʲ	n̪ˠ			nʲ	ɲ	ŋ
Stop /Affricate	plain	pˠ	pʲ	t̪ˠ			tʲ	c	k	ʔ
	tense	pˠ˭	pʲ˭	t̪ˠ˭			tʲ˭	c˭	k˭
	voiced	bˠ	bʲ	d̪ˠ			dʲ	ɟ	g
Fricative	voiceless	fˠ	fʲ	θˠ	θʲ	sˠ	sʲ	ç	x	h
	voiced	vˠ	vʲ	ðˠ	ðʲ	zˠ	zʲ	j	ɣ
Trill	voiceless					ʰrˠ	ʰrʲ
	voiced					rˠ	rʲ
Approximant	voiceless			ʰl̪ˠ			ʰlʲ
	voiced			l̪ˠ			lʲ

Vowels

/a i o u aː eː iː oː uː iə uə/ a/ea i/oi/ui o u á/eá é í/aoi ó/eo ú/iú ia ua

Finals

/p t k m n ŋ r j w/ ⟨b d g m n l r dh/igh bh⟩

Tones

Rising, mid, falling (á, à/unmarked, â)

Short vowels are toneless. (cf. "entering tone" in Middle Chinese)

Morphology

Nouns

Masculine definite mutations
	Singular	Plural
Def. nom.	h-prothesis	lenition
Def. acc.	eclipsis	h-prothesis
Def. gen.	lenition	eclipsis

Feminine definite mutations
	Singular	Plural
Def. nom.	lenition	eclipsis
Def. acc.	h-prothesis	lenition
Def. gen.	eclipsis	h-prothesis

Neuter definite mutations
	Singular	Plural
Def. nom.	eclipsis	h-prothesis
Def. acc.	lenition	eclipsis
Def. gen.	h-prothesis	lenition

gaoì 'tree' - masculine
	Singular	Plural
Def. nom.	an gaoì	na ghaoì
Def. acc.	an ngaoì	na gaoì
Def. gen.	an ghaoì	na ngaoì

crùaigh 'thought' - feminine
	Singular	Plural
Def. nom.	an chrùaigh	na gcrùaigh
Def. acc.	an crùaigh	na chrùaigh
Def. gen.	an gcrùaigh	na crùaigh

trú 'book' - neuter
	Singular	Plural
Def. nom.	an dtrú	na trú
Def. acc.	an thrú	na dtrú
Def. gen.	an trú	na thrú

Compound words are head-final: sóng-truu = 'agenda book' (lit. 'check-book', i.e. a book that one checks)

For indefinite nouns, attributive adjectives follow the noun and do not mutate: gai gau 'a tall tree/tall trees', truu gau 'a long book/long books'.

For definite nouns, attributive adjectives precede the noun and take the same mutation as the noun: an gau gai 'the tall tree', an n-gau dtruu 'the long book'

Verb phrase

Verbs do not inflect for subject agreement or tense; however, preverbal tense/discourse/connective markers trigger mutations on the verb. Unusually, connectives come immediately after the verb.

Tense:

• present: no marker
  • seau /sɛ̄ːw/ = 'dies' (< AW zernen), ec /ʔɛk/ = 'buys' (< AW eckern)
• past: hyng + lenition (< AW schillen 'finish')
  • hyng sheau /hʏ̄ŋ hɛ̄ːw/ = 'died', hyng ec /hʏ̄ŋ ʔɛk/ = 'bought'
• future: ngéa + h-prothesis ( < AW Đerz 'wish')
  • ngéa seau /ŋɛ́ː sɛ̄ːw/ = 'will die', ngéa h-ec /ŋɛ́ː hɛk/ 'will buy'

Connectives:

• zet + lenition: 'when' (< AW sätter 'eventually')
• dài + eclipsis: 'because' (< AW deichen)
• ppaang + lenition < 'but, however' (spaler 'unfortunately')

Discourse markers:

Derivational morphology

• ba- + lenition: verbalizer
  • ba-bhiiu: 'nasalize' < biiu 'nose'
• ga- + lenition: nominalizer
• in-: increments a verb's valency
• sa- + lenition: decrements a verb's velency