History
- As a result of collapsing of the different gendered endings for case inflections, the case system became significantly more agglutinative, requiring the gender and case suffixes to be attached to the noun separately.
Grammar
Pronouns
The following pronouns were used:
|
|
| 1st
|
2nd
|
3rd
|
| Sing.
|
Pl.
|
Sing.
|
Pl.
|
Sing.
|
Pl.
|
| Masc.
|
Neut.
|
Fem.
|
Them.
|
Masc.
|
Neut.
|
Fem.
|
Them.
|
| Nominative
|
*shig
|
*e
|
*far
|
*ja
|
*su
|
*tud
|
*sir
|
*ris
|
*tuj
|
*tur
|
*tiraj
|
*rini
|
| Accusative
|
*amí
|
*esmí
|
*fí
|
*vosí
|
*tum
|
*tir
|
*rim
|
*tuns
|
*tires
|
*rines
|
| Genitive
|
*míne
|
*eso
|
*tíve
|
*shɔso
|
*sɔfó
|
*iser
|
*rincho
|
*tisom
|
*tirom
|
*rinom
|
| Dative
|
*mísho
|
*esmej
|
*phájo
|
*fasmej
|
*smój
|
*rij
|
*rinej
|
*tujmɔ
|
*timɔ
|
*rimos
|
| Ablative
|
*míd
|
*esmed
|
*fíd
|
*fasmed
|
*smód
|
*rind
|
*tujos
|
*turos
|
| Locative
|
*muáj
|
*esmaj
|
*tuáj
|
*fasmaj
|
*smaj
|
*raj
|
*rinch
|
*chɔ
|
*tichɔ
|
*rinchɔ
|
| Instrumental
|
*esmáj
|
*fasmo
|
*tuj
|
*rinar
|
*tushphaj
|
*tiphaj
|
*rinash
|
| Comitative
|
*amík
|
*esmík
|
*fík
|
*vosík
|
*tərom
|
*turom
|
*rimom
|
*tunsom
|
*turom
|
*tirsom
|
*rinsom
|
| Illative
|
*míshor
|
*esmen
|
*phájor
|
*fasmen
|
*smósh
|
*shin
|
*rinchar
|
*tujman
|
*turon
|
*rinchen
|
Case declension
Nouns and adjectives were declined for case, number, and gender. The cases were identical for both the nouns and the adjectives.
|
|
| Singular
|
Plural
|
| Masc.
|
Neut.
|
Fem.
|
Them.
|
Masc.
|
Neut.
|
Fem.
|
Them.
|
| Nominative
|
*-(a)m
|
*-∅/-ə
|
*-(a)s
|
*-(a)sh
|
*-ə
|
*-(a)r
|
*-(ə)sh
|
*-ə
|
| Accusative
|
*-(a)m
|
*-(e)s
|
*-(e)s
|
| Genitive (inalienable)
|
*-(a)s
|
*-(s)om
|
| Genitive (alienable)
|
*-sho
|
*-shom
|
| Dative
|
*-(ə)j
|
*-mos
|
| Ablative
|
*-(a)d
|
*-dom
|
| Adessive
|
*-(j)ej
|
*-sɔ
|
| Inessive
|
*-(j)aj
|
*-jom
|
| Instrumental
|
*-(a)r
|
*-phaj
|
| Comitative
|
*-(i)k
|
*-kom
|
| Illative
|
*-shar
|
*-shen
|
Except for the plural in the accusative, cases were "stacked" on top of the nominative gender endings to explicitly indicate both gender, number, and case.
- *pipi-sh-as
- chick-THEM.SG-GEN.INAL.SG
- the chick's
- *pipi-ə-som
- chick-THEM.PL-GEN.INAL.PL
- the chicks'
Verb phrases
Person/number conjugation
|
|
| Athematic
|
Thematic
|
| 1st
|
2nd
|
3rd
|
1st
|
2nd
|
3rd
|
| Sing.
|
Pl.
|
Sing.
|
Pl.
|
Sing.
|
Pl.
|
Sing.
|
Pl.
|
Sing.
|
Pl.
|
Sing.
|
Pl.
|
| Past
|
*-ɔm
|
*-ɔmí
|
*-as
|
*-etí
|
*-at
|
*-and
|
*-om
|
*-ome
|
*-es
|
*-ete
|
*-ed
|
*-ond
|
| Present
|
*-ma
|
*-mos
|
*-sa
|
*-te
|
*-ta
|
*-anch
|
*-o
|
*-om
|
*-ash
|
*-et
|
*-omo
|
*-onch
|