User:IlL/Spare pages 1/45
IlL/Spare pages 1/45 is an agglutinative language inspired by German, Khmer and Kaidu.
ẞahng = father
Nßäht = tree
Paŕer = stone
Ntŕahg = child
je = who
jan = what
jang = where
jies = how many
ßan, eir, buhz, jåhnß, ßeng, zkühnt, ntöü, nuot, ngiat, zråht [san, eir, ɓuːc, jɔːⁿs, ˈseŋ, ckyːⁿt, ⁿdøy, nuət, ŋiat, crɔːt]
wint = negative
nkelei Pientenk tur Boyenk. = I speak of love and hate.
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
Wiobian uses the following 24 consonants:
| Labial | Alveolar | Medial | Velar | Lab.vel. | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ń /ɲ/ | ng /ŋ/ | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | z /c/ | k /k/ | qu /kʷ/ | |
| prenasalized | mp /ᵐb/ | nt /ⁿd/ | ńz /ᶮɟ/ | nk /ᵑg/ | nqu /ᵑgʷ/ | ||
| Fricative | plain | f /f~v/ | ß /s~z/ | s /ç~ʝ/ | g /x~ɣ/ | h /h/ | |
| prenasalized | mf /ᵐv/ | nß /ⁿz/ | |||||
| Liquid | r /r/; l /l/ | ŕ /ɹ/ | |||||
| Approximant | j /j/ | w /w/ | |||||
- Notes
- Voiceless plosives are not aspirated.
- /ᵐb ⁿd ᶮɟ ᵑg/ devoice to [ᵐp ⁿt ᶮc ᵑk] word-finally.
- The fricatives ß s g are voiced intervocalically.
- Gemination is phonemic.
Vowels
Wiobian has short and long versions of the following monophthongs (except for /ə/ which only occurs in unstressed syllables). Long vowels are marked with a following h.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ | ü /y/ | u /u/ |
| Close-mid | e /e/ | ö /ø/ | o /o/ |
| Mid | (e /ə/) | ||
| Open-mid | ä /ɛ/ | å /ɔ/ | |
| Open | a /a/ |
Diphthongs: ai au ei öü ou ia ie io iu üö uo
Prosody
Stress
Most of the time, the stress falls on the first syllable. Exceptions are verb prefixes and sesquisyllables.
Intonation
Phonotactics
The syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)s, where V can be a vowel or a diphthong.
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
| Nominative | Nßäht | |
|---|---|---|
| Accusative* | Nßähter | |
| Genitive | Nßähtem | |
| Illative/Inessive | Nßähtel | |
| Elative | Nßähtels | |
| Allative/Adessive | Nßähten | |
| Dative | Nßähtene | |
| Ablative | Nßähtens | |
| Instrumental/Comitative | Nßähtemp | |
| Essive | Nßähtezz | |
| Translative | Nßähtenk | |
| Abessive | Nßähtmakk | |
- The accusative is used only in certain set phrases in Modern Tei.
Plurals are formed with nto-, so: Ntonßäht (trees), Ntonßähtem (of trees), ...
Article
The equivalent of the definite article in Tei is a classifier (as in Hmong), but it's placed after the noun and carries the case marker. The noun before a classifier is prescriptively in the genitive case, but it's often dropped.
- Nßäht koþem (presc. and in older Tei Nßähtem koþem) 'of the tree'
- Nßähtem 'of a tree'
Pronouns
| Pronouns | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||
| 1 | nkohz | tahs | |
| 2 | mei | wäll | |
| 3 | mpa (animate), mpi (inanimate) | ||
Case suffixes attach to nkuo-, tah-, mei-, and wäh- respectively: nkuom Mpahng = my hand nkuols = from me; about me
Verbs
Subject affixes
| Subject affixes | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||
| 1 | nke- | te- | |
| 2 | en- | le- | |
| 3 | - | ||
These are really clitic forms of pronouns. So for example "nkelei" has the same connotation as "nkohz lei", but "nkohz nkelei" is emphatic, like saying "Myself, I speak".
Verbs otherwise don't inflect.
Action nouns are formed with the suffix -(e)me, from the genitive clitic followed by an eroded form of ion (to do). For example: Leime = speaking
Syntax
The unmarked word order in Tei is SVO. Due to the influence of Tsjoen, Modern Tei is quite strict about it (though objects could be fronted for emphasis).
Serial verbs are also common in Tei; all verbs but the last in a serial verb chain are in the ablative.