Voþken

Voþken
Voþken
Pronunciation	[[Help:IPA|ˈvɔθ.kɛn]]
Created by	iancgil
Language family	Voþken

Phonology

Consonants

		Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Post Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Plosive	voiceless	p /p/		t /t/				k /k/
	voiced	b /b/		d /d/				g /g/
Nasal		m /m/		n /n/
Fricative	voiceless		f /f/	þ /θ/	s /s/	c /ʃ/		h /x/
	voiced		v /v/	ð /ð/	s [z]*
Approximant				r /ɹ/			y /j/
Lateral Approximant				l /l/

*allophone

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back	Diphthongs
Close	i /i/		u /u/
Near-Close	i/y /ɪ/ [ɪ]*		o /ʊ/
Close-Mid				ei/ey /ej/
Mid		e [ə]*
Open-Mid	e /ɛ/			oi/oy /ɔɪ/
Near-Open	a /æ/
Open	a [a]*			ai/ay /aj/

*allophone

Phonotactics

Allowed Syllables

• (C)(C)V(C)(C)

Consonant Clusters Word Initial

• [fricative]+[nasal,liquid,stop]
• [stop]+[nasal,liquid,fricative]

Word Internal

Word Final

• [fricative]+[stop]
• [stop]+[fricative]
• /m/+/b/
• /n/+[stop,excluding /b/]

Phonological Rules

• /ɛ/ > [ə] / _#
• /s/ > [z] / $_[+voiced +consonant]
• /s/ > [z] / [+voiced +consonant]_$
• /ʊ/ > [ɔ] / _/j/
• /j/ > [ɪ] / /ʊ/_
• /j/ > [ɪ] / [+consonant] _ [+consonant]
• /j/ > [i] / [+consonant] _#
• /æ/ > [a] / _/j/$

Grammar

Word Order

OVS, V2

Morphosyntactic Alignment

Ergative-Absolutive

Morphology

Analytic with a touch of Oligosynthetic. Lots of particles and adpositions used for aspect, mood, mode, and cases but verbs conjugate for tense (mostly) and nouns decline for a few basic cases.

Derivational Morphology

Verb to Noun
Verb	-ag	-eg	-ig	-og
Suffix	-aygan	-eygen	-ygyn	-oygon

Examples:
norgig - to be curious
norgygyn - curiosity

menig - to enjoy
menygyn - enjoyment

cwenog - to be infatuated, to love
cwenoygon - infatuation

eþag - to sleep
eþaygan - slumber

Verb to Adjective
Verb	-ag	-eg	-ig	-og
Suffix	-any	-eny	-iny	-ony

Examples:

menig - to enjoy
meniny - enjoyable

cwenog - to be infatuated, to love
cwenony - loveable

wesog - to destroy
wesony - destroyable

cwinag - to give
cwinany - giveable

		Voþken	English Approximation
Adjective to:	Adverb	-dwa	-ly
	Noun	-ah	-ness
	Verb	-unk	-ize, -ise
	Adjective	-sla	-ish

Examples:

		Voþken	English Approximation
Noun to:	Adverb
	Verb	-rið	-fy
	Adjective	-ym	-y

Nouns

Absolutive		Ergative		Genitive
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
goþ	goþwa	goþest	goþwest	goþyr	goþwyr
stur	sturwa	sturest	sturwest	sturyr	sturwyr
vent	ventwa	ventest	ventwest	ventyr	ventwyr
vekna	veknaw	veknast	veknawst	veknayr	veknawyr
sure	surew	surest	surewst	sureyr	surewyr

Pronouns

	Absolutive		Ergative		Genitive
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
First Person	on	onne	onest	onnest	onyr	onneyr
Second Person	uð	uððe	uðest	uððest	uðyr	uððeyr
Third Person	ta	itta	test	ittest	tayr	ittayr
Zeroth Person	suþ	suþþe	suþest	suþþest	suþyr	suþþeyr

Correlatives

			Interrogative	Demonstrative			Quantifier
				Proximal	Medial	Distal	Assertive Existential	Elective Existential	Universal	Negatory	Positive Alternative
Determiner		Singular	gew which	led this	loyd that	seg yon	vyn some	bytym any whichever whichsoever	veylym every each all	þwivym no	dantym another
		Plural	gic what	ledeþ these	loydeþ those	segeþ yonder
Pronoun	Human	Singular	ðycegoþ who	ledah this	loydah that	segah yon	byrcgoþ someone	bytgoþ anyone anybody whoever	veylgoþ everyone everybody all	þwivgoþ no one nobody	dantgoþ another someone else somebody else
		Plural	ðycegoþeþ whom	ledhe these	loydhe those	seghe yonder	byrcgoþeþ somebody	bytgoþeþ whomever whosoever whomsoever
	Nonhuman	Singular	ðyce what	ledah this	loydah that	segah yon	byrc something	byt anything whatever whatsoever	veyl everything all	þwiv nothing	dant something else else other
		Plural	ðyceþ what	ledhe these	loydhe those	seghe yonder
	Out of Two (dual)		ðysuþ which one	ledsuþ this one	loydsuþ that one	segsuþ yon	suþ one	bytsuþ either whichever whichsoever	veylsuþ both	þwivsuþ neither	dantsuþ other
	Out of Many (plural)		ðysuþþe which	ledsuþþe these	loydsuþþe those	segsuþþe yonder	suþþe some	bytsuþþe any whichever whichsoever	veylsuþþe each all	þwivsuþþe none	dantsuþþe another
Pro-Adverb	Location		where	here	there	yonder	somewhere	anywhere wherever wheresoever	everywhere	nowhere	elsewhere
	Source		whence	hence	thence		somewhence	anywhence whencever whencesoever	everywhence	nowhence	elsewhence
	Goal		whither	hither	thither		somewhither	anywhither whitherever whithersoever	everywither	nowhither	elsewhither
	Time		when	now	then		sometime somewhen	anytime anywhen whenever whensoever	always everywhen	never nowhen	elsewhen another time
	Manner		how whereby	thus hereby	thereby		somehow	anyhow however howsoever	everyway everyhow	no way no how	otherwise elseway elsehow
	Reason		why wherefor	herefore	therefore		somewhy for some reason	anywhy whyever whysoever	everywhy	nowhy	elsewhy

Verbs

	-ag		-ig		-og		-eg		ayg
	eþag - to sleep		venig - to have		hadog - to want		waneg - to do		ayg - to be
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Present	eþ	eþwa	ven	venwi	had	hadwo	wan	wanwe	ay	aywi
Perfect	eþat	eþact	venit	venict	hadot	hadoct	wanet	wanect	ayt	ayct
Imperfect	ay eþat	ay eþact	ay venit	ay venict	ay hadot	ay hadoct	ay wanet	ay wanect	ay ayt	ay ayct
Pluperfect	ayt eþat	ayct eþact	ayt venit	ayct venict	ayt hadot	ayct hadoct	ayt wanet	ayct wanect	ayt ayt	ayct ayct
Future	eþwað	eþwaðy	venwið	venwiðy	hadoð	hadoðy	waneð	waneðy	ayð	ayðy

Passive

The passive construction in Voþken uses the particle geh preceding a noun in the ablative case.

Comparison:
Active: Kyað onest voyat. I drank water.
Passive: Kyað geh on voyat. Water [was] drank by me.

Modal Particles

All modal particles precede the verb phrase

Particle	Expressing	Example	Translation
va	Advice	Uð va cwel.	You ought to run.
ði	Logical Conclusion/Certainty	Kyað itta ði ay voyact	He must have drank the water.
cwat	Polite Permission	On cwat sun þray?	Might I leave?
ef	Ability	On ef cwel.	I can run.
lo	Possibility	On lo noyk.	I could fall.
veh	Probability	On veh sun.	I may leave.
loy	Permission	Kyað onest loy voy þray?	May I drink the water?
beg	Obligation	On beg sun.	I must leave.
wyv	Partial Obligation	On wyv sun.	I should leave.

Mood Particles

All mood particles proceed the main verb so as to conclude the sentence.

Particle	Mood	Example	Translation
n/a	Indicative	Stur onest askit.	I went home.
von	Imperative	Stur uðest ask von.	(You) go home.
þray	Interrogative	Uð vaskdwa ay þray?	Are you well?

Negation

Negation of verbs in Voþken is done by using the negative particle þwi. This particle proceeds the verb phrase to be negated, but does not proceed the mood particle if there is one.

Examples:
On ef cwel. I can run.
On ef cwel þwi. I cannot run.

Stur uðest ask von. (You) go home.
Stur uðest ask þwi von. (You) [do] not go home.

Adjectives

Adjectives precede what it is modifying.

Predicative Adjectives

Adjectives are not allowed to be used as nouns and must be converted to a noun via derivation. Depending on the derivation used, the use of a preposition may still be required as in the "-ness" variety of adjective derived nouns.

Adverbs

Adverbs precede what they are modifying, such as an adjective or verb. In the case that there is a helping verb or a modal particle, the adverb precedes the entire verb phrase.

Questions

Yes/No/Yea/Nay

Voþken has a four-form answer system for yes/no questions. They are divided into two types of questions: affirmative and negative.

Affirmative
Uð vaskdwa ay þray? - Are you well?
Hwa. - Yes.
Ða - No.

Negative
Uð vaskdwa ay þwi þray? - Are you well?
Hact. - Yea.
Ðeu - Nay.

Numbers

The number system of Voþken is a base 12 system that reaches up to 12^5 before numbers are just the recitation of digits.

Digit	Powers of 12
	12^0	12^1	12^2	12^3	12^4	12^5
1	gad	gadur	gadara	gadora	gadira	gadurþa
2	þes	þesur	þesara	þesora	þesira	þesurþa
3	an	anur	anara	anora	anira	anurþa
4	syk	sykur	sykara	sykora	sykira	sykurþa
5	wyk	wykur	wykara	wykora	wykira	wykurþa
6	vað	vaður	vaðara	vaðora	vaðira	vaðarþa
7	nesk	neskur	neskara	neskora	neskira	neskurþa
8	com	comur	comara	comora	comira	comurþa
9	pwa	pwar	pwara	pwaora	pwaira	pwarþa
10	syen	syenur	syenara	syenora	syenira	syenurþa
11	foyl	foylur	foylara	foylora	foylira	foylurþa