Haoli/Nouns
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Gender
Gender in Haoli pertains to how the plural is formed as well as how it is declined. Haoli articles do have gender agreement with the constituent noun.
Neuter Endings
- Words ending in i, o, þ, and c are always neuter.
- Words ending in gh, n, r, j, l, lh, v, s, g, h, f, and ð are neuter when preceded by i or o.
Feminine Endings
- Words ending in e, p, k, m, mh, and rh are always feminine.
- Words ending in gh, n, r, j, l, lh, v, s, g, h, f, and ð are feminine when preceded by e.
Masculine Endings
- Words ending in a, u, and nh are always masculine.
- Words ending in gh, n, r, j, l, lh, v, s, g, h, f, and ð are masculine when preceded by a or u.
Root Forms
Plural Forms
Regular Plurals
Regular plural formation is used for the majority of words in Haoli and is used for all words who have multiple syllables in their root form.
- -ec
- -c
Ablaut Plurals
Ablaut plurals are a much smaller subset of nouns. All ablaut plurals have a single syllable in their root form but not all single syllable root nouns are ablaut plurals.
- o > e
- a > i
- e > ej
Examples
sar "island" -> sir "islands"
ðeg "book" -> ðejg "books"
ghoþ "scripture" -> gheþ "scriptures"
Mass Plurals
Cases
Basic Cases
Class of Case | Case | English Approximation | Neuter | Feminine | Masculine | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Mass Plural | Singular | Plural | Mass Plural | Singular | Plural | Mass Plural | |||
Grammatical | Nominative | cat | |||||||||
Accusative | cat | ||||||||||
Non-Grammatical | Dative | for/because of the cat | |||||||||
Malefactive | against/opposed to the cat | ||||||||||
Adverbial | cattily | ||||||||||
Vocative | Cat (name) | ||||||||||
Contrastive | as compared to the cat | ||||||||||
Genitive | of cat/about cat/cat's |
Oblique
Class of Case | Case | English Approximation | Neuter | Feminine | Masculine | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Mass Plural | Singular | Plural | Mass Plural | Singular | Plural | Mass Plural | |||
Oblique | Translative | to being a cat | |||||||||
Exessive | from being a cat | ||||||||||
Essive | as being a cat/like a cat | ||||||||||
Instrumental | by use of the cat/with cat | ||||||||||
Prolative | by way of the cat |
Locative
Class of Case | Case | English Approximation | Neuter | Feminine | Masculine | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Mass Plural | Singular | Plural | Mass Plural | Singular | Plural | Mass Plural | |||
Internal Locative | Inessive | inside the cat | |||||||||
Hyperessive | deep inside the cat | ||||||||||
Illative | into the cat | ||||||||||
Hyperlative | deep into the cat | ||||||||||
Elative | from inside the cat | ||||||||||
Hyper-elative | from deep inside the cat | ||||||||||
Supraperlative | throughout the cat | ||||||||||
Hyperlative | all throughout the cat | ||||||||||
Perlative | through the cat | ||||||||||
Traversal Locative | Lative | towards the cat, catbound | |||||||||
Superlative | onto the cat | ||||||||||
Prosecutive | along the cat | ||||||||||
Terminative | until the cat (is reached) | ||||||||||
Exodal Locative | Ablative | away from the cat | |||||||||
Antessive | far from the cat | ||||||||||
Delative | off/down from the cat | ||||||||||
Eblative | (sourced) from the cat | ||||||||||
Relational Locative | Superessive | on (top of) the cat | |||||||||
Supraessive | above/over the cat | ||||||||||
Comitative | (together) with the cat | ||||||||||
Pertingent | touching/adjacent to the cat | ||||||||||
Apudessive | next to/beside the cat | ||||||||||
Enclosive | on either side of the cat | ||||||||||
Forbative | in front of the cat | ||||||||||
Locative | nearby/not far from the cat | ||||||||||
Bative | behind the cat | ||||||||||
Transversive | beyond the cat | ||||||||||
Circumfrentive | surrounded by cat | ||||||||||
Situative | wrapped in cat | ||||||||||
Abessive | without the cat | ||||||||||
Intrative | between the cat | ||||||||||
Subessive | under the cat |
Temporal
Class of Case | Case | English Approximation | Neuter | Feminine | Masculine | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Mass Plural | Singular | Plural | Mass Plural | Singular | Plural | Mass Plural | |||
Temporal | Temporal | at the time of the cat | |||||||||
Temporal-Lative | since the time of the cat | ||||||||||
Temporal-Hyper-Transversive | long after the time of the cat | ||||||||||
Temporal-Terminative | up until the time of the cat | ||||||||||
Temporal-Hyperbative | long before the time of the cat |