Eta-Talmic
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Proto-Talmic is a descendant of Proto-Quihum and the last common ancestor of all Talmic languages (including Thensarian, Eevo, Nurian, Roshterian, ...).
Todo
- -nəm = patientive
- stan- = gather
- stannəm = gathering
- Eevo sdann = (mathematics) set
- ~ sta- in stāmom?
- stannəm = gathering
- add 0 grade, lengthened grade.
- -ssōs = another noun suffix
- 0 grade often > ə-grade but Cl, Cr > Cli-, Cri-
- lengthened grades: ā ī ū > ó ī ū
Phonology
Proto-Celtic gibberish with some added consonants and vowels
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labiovelar | Uvular | Labiouvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | *m | *n | ||||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | *t | *k | *kʷ | *q | *qʷ | ||||
| voiced | *b | *d | *g | *gʷ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | *ɸ | *θ | *s | *h | |||||
| voiced | *δ | *ʁ | *ʁʷ | |||||||
| Resonant | *l | *r | *y | *w | ||||||
Vowels
a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū
Diphthongs:
ai ei oi ui aw ew iw ow
Thensarian reflexes
- a e i o u ə > a e i o u y
- ō > ū in word-final syllables; ā elsewhere (gives too much aw in Eevo?)
- ou > ō
- oi > oe
- ui > ui
- ew > eo
- iw > iu
- ai, au > ae, ao
Morphology
Proto-Talmic was a fusional, head-initial language with a number system consisting of singulative, collective and plurative numbers. It had an ablaut system much like that of Indo-European.
Nouns
Masculine nouns
(Just one paradigm)
| δoirom 'bird' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | Plurative | |
| Absolute | δoirom | δeδoirom | δoirīs |
| Construct | δoirai | δeδoirai | δoirinnə |
| Possessed forms of δoirom - 'bird' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Number→ State↓ |
Singulative | Plurative |
| Construct | δoirot | δoirinnət |
| 1sg possessor | δoiron | δoirinnən |
| 2sg.m possessor | δoirossi | δoirinnəssi |
| 2sg.f possessor | δoirossiu | δoirinnəssiu |
| 3sg.m possessor | δoirotiu | δoirinniu |
| 3sg.f possessor | δoirotī | δoirinnī |
| 3sg.n possessor | δoirota | δoirinna |
| 1exc possessor | δoirosmə | δoirinnəsmə |
| 1inc possessor | δoiroswi | δoirinnəswi |
| 2pl possessor | δoiroka | δoirinnəka |
| 3pl possessor | δoirotōr | δoirinnətōr |
Feminine nouns
| gʷondā 'body' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | Plurative | |
| Absolute | gʷondā | gegʷondā | gʷondār |
| Construct | gʷondāt | gegʷondām | gʷondās |
| Possessed forms of gʷondā - 'body' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Number→ State↓ |
Singulative | Plurative |
| Construct | gʷondat | gʷondāsat |
| 1sg possessor | gʷondan | gʷondasan |
| 2sg.m possessor | gʷondassi | gʷondasassi |
| 2sg.f possessor | gʷondassiu | gʷondasassiu |
| 3sg.m possessor | gʷondatiu | gʷondasiu |
| 3sg.f possessor | gʷondatī | gʷondasī |
| 3sg.n possessor | gʷondata | gʷondasa |
| 1exc possessor | gʷondasmə | gʷondasasmə |
| 1inc possessor | gʷondaswi | gʷondasaswi |
| 2pl possessor | gʷondaka | gʷondaseka |
| 3pl possessor | gʷondatōr | gʷondasōr |
Neuter nouns
| tektəs 'child' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | Plurative | |
| Absolute | tektəs | tetektəs | tektəen |
| Construct | tektəes | tetektəes | tektəer |
| Possessed forms of tektəs - 'child' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Number→ State↓ |
Singulative | Plurative |
| Construct | tektət | tektəerət |
| 1sg possessor | tektən | tektəerən |
| 2sg.m possessor | tektəssi | tektəerəssi |
| 2sg.f possessor | tektəssiu | tektəerəssiu |
| 3sg.m possessor | tektiu | tektəeriu |
| 3sg.f possessor | tektī | tektəerī |
| 3sg.n possessor | tektəta | tektəera |
| 1exc possessor | tektəsmo | tektəersmo |
| 1inc possessor | tektəswi | tektəerswi |
| 2pl possessor | tektəka | tektəerka |
| 3pl possessor | tektōr | tektəerōr |
| jenaqʷs 'water' (n.) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | ||
| Absolute | jenaqʷs | jenenaqʷs | |
| Construct | jenaqʷes | jenenaqʷes | |
| stuφs 'fire' (n.) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | ||
| Absolute | stuφs | stestuφs | |
| Construct | stuφes | stestuφes | |
Adjectives
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Masculine:
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Feminine:
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Neuter:
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Verbs
Object markers
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | in- | me- |
| 1 + 2 | - | twe- |
| 2 | we- | ke- |
| 3 | bi- | si- |
TAM + subject markers
Collective subjects agree with singular (subject or object) verb affixes.
Root ablaut occurs in some stems in verbs and derived nouns. Ablauting verbs follow one of the patterns below (modulo compensatory lengthening); the present stem is in what is called the "a-grade" in Quihum linguistics, and the preterite stem has the "i-grade".
- present stem a - preterite stem e - VN a
- present stem ā - preterite stem ē - VN a
- present stem o - preterite stem i - VN ə
- present stem ō - preterite stem ī
- present stem ō - preterite stem ē
- present stem oi - preterite stem ei
- present stem ou - preterite stem iu
- present stem au - preterite stem eu
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Derivational morphology
Affixes
Some derivational affixes are:
- -nəm (n.) = patient suffix
- -ā- = verbalizer (from *-əx̌-; just for the Proto-Celtic gibbiness)
- What if *-əx̌- meant something else in PQuih?
- Roshterian -ia-/-i- - fossilized suffix in many verbs
- -ākos (n.) = verbal noun (from *-əx̌- verbalizer + *-kas = older VN suffix)
- Roshterian -iac
- -akt(V)- = adjectivizer
- Roshterian -ait
Ablaut patterns
Syntax
The emphatic particle *-is was commonly suffixed to the verb, as seen directly in Thensarian and the fact that Rostherian kept most verb affixes intact.