Valian
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Background
Phonology
Vowels
Front | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | |
Close | i iː | y yː | u uː | |
Mid | e eː | ø øː | ɤ ɤː | o oː |
Open | æ æː | ɑ ɑː |
Word and sentence final short vowels are often pronounced slightly longer than their non-final counterparts (e.g. salma 'faith' [ˈsɑlmɑˑ]).
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | palatalized | ||||||
Nasal | m | n | (nʲ) | (ŋ)1 | |||
Plosive | p | t | (tʲ) | k | |||
Fricative | v | s | (sʲ) | (x)2 | h | ||
Approximant | l | (lʲ)3 | j | ||||
Trill | r |
Notes:
- [ŋ] only occurs as an allophone of [n] before [k].
- [x] is a word-final allophone of [h] (e.g. rakah 'wound' [ˈrɑg̥ɑx]).
- [lʲ] is encountered in free variation with [ʎ] in certain varieties of speech (e.g. Sanahta dialect leia 'while' [ʎeiɑˑ~lʲeiɑˑ]).
Consonants may be palatalised; this occurs for p, t, n, l, s before i, e.
Phonotactics
Orthography
17aug writes its 18 vowels with 9 different characters, a e i o u ä ë ö ü, doubled to indicate the long version.
Grammar
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns in 17aug can be inflected for number, gender, and possession. Unlike the pronouns, they are not inflected for case ever. Instead, 17aug requires a rigid word order to mark objects and subjects.
Pronouns
Pronouns decline for three cases: nominative (nom), genitive-dative (gen-dat), and oblique(obl).