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| ===Nouns=== | | ===Nouns=== |
| Nouns inflect for gender, number and case. There gender system contains eight classes, based on animacy. The first three classes consist of animate nouns. These three classes are further divided at a more granular level, distinguishing between sentient and non-sentient nouns. Classes I-III can be categorized as follows: | | Nouns inflect for gender, number and case. The gender system contains eight classes, based on animacy. |
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! Gender !! Type || Nouns
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| | Class I || Animate Sentient || humans, mammals, birds, sharks, octopodes, a limited number of reptiles and fish
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| | Class II || Animate Non-sentient || most non-mammalian animals,
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| | Class III || Animate Metereological || celestial objects, storms, earthquakes, volcanoes, rain, snow, floods, fire, water, bodies of water (excluding anthropogenic sources, such as resevoirs).
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| |}
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| Noun belonging to Classes IV-VIII are all considered inanimate and non-sentient. They are:
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| Class IV: Inanimate-botanical
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| Class V: Inanimate – hard objects
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| Class VI: Inanimate-generic
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| Class VII: Terrestrial and Elements
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| Class VIII: Abstract (e.g. concepts, verbal nouns, etc)
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| These nouns have been organized by traditional grammarians according to five declensions, each reflecting their general semantic domain and their inflectional paradigm. These are known as the ''Toma'', ''Reváni'', ''þúar'', ''Ḩernwin'', ''Arðen'' and ''Nieri'' Declensions. These declensions can generalized as follows:
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| *The ''Toma'' Declension (''toma'' means "primary, foremost"), is reserved almost exclusively for humans and certain domesticated animals, mostly pets, which are often anthropomorphized. These nouns tend to possess a high level of agency, although a few exceptions occur, notably weapons. A little bit over a third of all Golahát nouns fall under this category. Nouns in the ''Toma'' Declension end in either a final ''-e'', ''-n'', ''-en'', or ''-ne'' in the nominative singular, depending on whether the root ends in a vowel or consonant. Notice that the Accusative is unmarked. Plurality is indicated by CV- reduplication of the first syllable of the root, plus the affix ''-þa'' which is added '''before''' the case suffix. In the case for the Accusative, the plural marker ''-þa-'' is infixed before the final root consonant, as indicated by the underline.
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| *Higher animals, particularly mammals and birds, and humans that tend to lack or be deficient in agency (e.g. infants), make up the second noun class, the ''Reváni'' Declension (''reváni'' means "honored, honorable"). Unlike the nouns in the ''Toma'' Declension, the Nominative case in the nouns of the ''Reváni'' Declension is unmarked while the Accusative is explicitly marked with the suffix ''-e''. As in the ''Toma'' Declension, the first syllable undergoes CV-reduplication, but unlike the ''Toma'' Declension, the plural affix ''-þa-'', or its allophone ''-h-'' is infixed before the root's final consonant before the case suffix is added. The ''-ha-'' infix occurs only in the Nominative and Accusative forms, otherwise the ''-þ-'' infix is used for all other cases.
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| *The ''þúar'' ("forest") Declension refer to non-mammalian and non-avian animals; the elements fire, earth, wind, and water; and large trees. Like the ''Reváni'' declension, the Nominative case is unmarked while the Accusative case is marked. The case suffixes of this declension contain a submorpheme ''-l'', which preceding root consonants assimilate to, e.g. root/Nominative ''seiván'' but accusative ''seiváli'' ("tree").
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| ! rowspan="3"| Case | | ! rowspan="3"| Case |
| ! colspan="12" | Noun Classes | | ! colspan="16" | Noun Classes |
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| ! colspan="2" | ''Toma'' Declension | | ! colspan="2" | Class I |
| ! colspan="2" | ''Reváni'' Declension | | ! colspan="2" | Class II |
| ! colspan="2" | ''þúar'' Declension | | ! colspan="2" | Class III |
| ! colspan="2" | ''Ḩernwin'' Declension | | ! colspan="2" | Class IV |
| ! colspan="2" | ''Arðin'' Declension | | ! colspan="2" | Class V |
| ! colspan="2" | ''Nieri'' Declension | | ! colspan="2" |Class VI |
| | ! colspan="2" |Class VII |
| | ! colspan="2" |Class VIII |
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| | ! Singular |
| | ! Plural |
| | ! Singular |
| | ! Plural |
| ! Singular | | ! Singular |
| ! Plural | | ! Plural |
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| ! Nominative | | ! Nominative |
| | sorane | | | sarian |
| | sosoraþane | | | esaraþa |
| | talar | | | mane |
| | tatala<u>þa</u>r | | | emanþea |
| | seiván | | | vannea |
| | | | | evanþænwyn |
| | | dioneiða |
| | | edioþwyðas |
| | | berfwyn |
| | | iberþyfwa |
| | | tænzyca |
| | | etænþycæn |
| | | fwyðneas |
| | | efwyþinwas |
| | | naërwyð |
| | | enaërþyfa |
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| | ! Accusative |
| | | sarianai |
| | | esaraþnai |
| | | manead |
| | | emanþeada |
| | | vanin |
| | | evanþæn |
| | | dioneið |
| | | edioþwyð |
| | | berfwyn |
| | | iberþyfwa |
| | | tænzyc |
| | | etænþyca |
| | | fwyðen |
| | | efwyþin |
| | | naërwyð |
| | | enaërþyfa |
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| | ! Genitive |
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| ! Accusative
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| | sora
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| | soso<u>þa</u>ra
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| | talare
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| | tatala<u>þa</u>re
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| | seiváli
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| ! Genitive | | ! Locative |
| | soranai
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| | sosoraþanai
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| | talarai
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| | tatala<u>þ</u>ra
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| | seiváli
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| ! Comitative
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| | soraie
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| | sosoraþaie
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| | talarie
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| | tatala<u>þ</u>re
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| | seivásse
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| ! Ablative
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| | soraien
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| | sosoraþaien
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| | talarien
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| | tatala<u>þ</u>rien
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| | seivás
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| ! Allative | | ! Oblique |
| | soraion | | | |
| | sosoraþaion | | | |
| | talarion | | | |
| | tatala<u>þ</u>rion | | | |
| | seivássen | | | |
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| ! Locative
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| | soraiona
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| | soraþaiona
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| | talari
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| | tatala<u>þ</u>ri
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| | seivás
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| ! Root | | ! Root |
| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center|sora | | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center|sari- |
| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center|talar | | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center| |
| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center|seiván | | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center| |
| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center|nevwin | | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center| |
| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center|artan | | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center| |
| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center|viðri | | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center| |
| | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center|[X] |
| | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center|[X] |
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| ! Meaning | | ! Meaning |
| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center|woman | | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center|man |
| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center|child | | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center| |
| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center|tree | | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center| |
| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center|hand | | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center| |
| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center|rináe | | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center| |
| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center|home | | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center| |
| | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center|[X] |
| | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center|[X] |
| |} | | |} |
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