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Ín Duári: Difference between revisions
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Ín Duári is an indigenous minority language spoken in small pockets in Minhay. | Ín Duári is an indigenous minority language spoken in small pockets in Minhay, a member of the small Duaric language family that includes [[Nidâri]]. Linguists have determined that the Duaric languages do not belong to a larger grouping related to the [[Minhast]] language, or the [[Peshpeg]] language, another minority language in the Minhast Nation. A relationship with the extinct Corradi language, another language indigenous to Minhay, has not been successfully demonstrated. Some linguists have also tried to establish a relationship with nearby languages in Northeast Asia, including Japanese, Korean, Ainu, and various Altaic, Tungusic, and Paleosiberian languages. Others have tried to link it to the Indo-European language family, due to typological similarities between the two. Nevertheless, a relationship with other languages continues to elude scholars, and thus Ín Duári remains classified as a language isolate. | ||
The Ín Duári have often been referred to in older literature by the name ''Golahát''. The term is an exonym, originating from the Peshpeg word ''gola'', meaning inferior, and ''-hát'', a Peshpeg suffix used to derived denonyms; the suffix ''-hát'' is itself a borrowing from the Minhast suffix ''-ast/-hast''. The endonym ''ín Duari'', used by native speakers to refer to themselves, means "the people", and they refer to their language as ''rinázi'', meaning "those who speak (intelligibly)". | The Ín Duári have often been referred to in older literature by the name ''Golahát''. The term is an exonym, originating from the Peshpeg word ''gola'', meaning inferior, and ''-hát'', a Peshpeg suffix used to derived denonyms; the suffix ''-hát'' is itself a borrowing from the Minhast suffix ''-ast/-hast''. The endonym ''ín Duari'', used by native speakers to refer to themselves, means "the people", and they refer to their language as ''rinázi'', meaning "those who speak (intelligibly)". | ||
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Ín Duári is divided into several dialects or ''væhir'', with various degrees of mutually intelligibility. The Brægyn dialect has historically been the dominant dialect, however an unofficial lingua franca based on the Enoţin dialect has recently spread as its speaker base has been least affected by the diaspora resulting from Wolf Speaker expansion. The Viránt Gæţwin dialect, although considered today a minor dialect among native speakers, is found in most linguistic literature as it is the most conservative of all the surviving dialects and is found in most native literary works and prevails in oral tradition; it is considered as the prestige dialect for these reasons and is the dialect described in this article. | Ín Duári is divided into several dialects or ''væhir'', with various degrees of mutually intelligibility. The Brægyn dialect has historically been the dominant dialect, however an unofficial lingua franca based on the Enoţin dialect has recently spread as its speaker base has been least affected by the diaspora resulting from Wolf Speaker expansion. The Viránt Gæţwin dialect, although considered today a minor dialect among native speakers, is found in most linguistic literature as it is the most conservative of all the surviving dialects and is found in most native literary works and prevails in oral tradition; it is considered as the prestige dialect for these reasons and is the dialect described in this article. | ||
The Anzi dialect is currently experiencing an interesting split between older and younger speakers. The subdialects emerging from this split, the Old Speech and the Young Speech, show increasing morphological complexity and phonological mergers among the speakers of the latter subdialect. The Old Speech is more conservative and thus retains a degree of mutual intelligibility with the other dialects, | The Anzi dialect is currently experiencing an interesting split between older and younger speakers. The subdialects emerging from this split, the Old Speech and the Young Speech, show increasing morphological complexity and phonological mergers among the speakers of the latter subdialect. The Old Speech is more conservative and thus retains a degree of mutual intelligibility with the other dialects, while the innovations in the Young Speech has rendered it unintelligible to the other dialects. For this reason, many linguists, particularly Drs. Iyyaħmi and Naħkuy of the University of Minhay at Aškuan, argue for classifying the Young Speech as a separate language. | ||
It has been argued that the Young Speech is polysynthetic, particularly by Dr. R.M Adams of the University of Tennessee. Indeed, there are certain characteristics that the Young Speech displays considered essential in canonical polysynthetic languages: | It has been argued that the Young Speech is polysynthetic, particularly by Dr. R.M Adams of the University of Tennessee. Indeed, there are certain characteristics that the Young Speech displays considered essential in canonical polysynthetic languages: | ||
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#In canonical polysynthetic languages, argument marking is obligatory, even if the referents of the agreement markers are overt. The Young Speech, however, obligatorily suppresses an agreement marker when an overt argument surfaces: if an overt direct object appears, its corresponding verbal agreement marker is disallowed from surfacing, and the converse is true when an overt subject appears. If both an overt subject and object referent appears, the verb's agreement markers are barred from surfacing; | #In canonical polysynthetic languages, argument marking is obligatory, even if the referents of the agreement markers are overt. The Young Speech, however, obligatorily suppresses an agreement marker when an overt argument surfaces: if an overt direct object appears, its corresponding verbal agreement marker is disallowed from surfacing, and the converse is true when an overt subject appears. If both an overt subject and object referent appears, the verb's agreement markers are barred from surfacing; | ||
#The Young Speech displays neither noun incorporation (as in the Iroquoian languages) or lexical verbal affixation (as in the Eskaleut languages); | #The Young Speech displays neither noun incorporation (as in the Iroquoian languages) or lexical verbal affixation (as in the Eskaleut languages); | ||
# | #Verbal affixes are restricted to tense-aspect marking and the Purposive mood. Other features, such as modals, valence marking, evidentials, etc., are lacking in the holophrastic verb. | ||
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{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = Bélar veiţ geţir eli geðyn fæţ (Gæţwin Spelling) <br/> Bélar vi gæţyr lgædn fæţ (Reformed Spelling) | |phrase = Bélar veiţ geţir eli geðyn fæţ <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Gæţwin Spelling)</span> <br/> Bélar vi gæţyr lgædn fæţ <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Reformed Spelling)</span> | ||
| IPA = 'bɛlar | | IPA = 'bɛlar igɛθrilɪ'gɛdniɦ | ||
| morphemes = belar iv-geţr-li-gedn-ih | | morphemes = belar iv-geţr-li-gedn-ih | ||
| gloss = prisoner 1S.NOM-speak-PURP-help | | gloss = prisoner 1S.NOM-speak-PURP-help | ||
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The ''Uannar'', originally representing the pronunciation of the 1897 Gæţwin dialect faithfully, has now diverged from the language as it is now spoken, so silent letters have arisen. One such example is the definite article ''ðæl'', which is now pronounced /dɛ/ in most dialects, including Modern Colloquial Gæţwin, although purists emulate the 1897 pronunciation. This pronunciation is called the ''Viránt Gæţwin'' ("Elevated Gæţwin"). | The ''Uannar'', originally representing the pronunciation of the 1897 Gæţwin dialect faithfully, has now diverged from the language as it is now spoken, so silent letters have arisen. One such example is the definite article ''ðæl'', which is now pronounced /dɛ/ in most dialects, including Modern Colloquial Gæţwin, although purists emulate the 1897 pronunciation. This pronunciation is called the ''Viránt Gæţwin'' ("Elevated Gæţwin"). | ||
The grapheme <æ> is | The grapheme <æ> is frequently pronounced /ɛ/ and written as <e> if it falls within a stressed syllable. <y> is pronounced /ʌ/, reflected in the ''Uannar'' when it was first developed, but in contemporary speech may be pronounced /ɪ/ or /ɛ/; this change resulted as a compromise between separate sound changes that occurred in two separate dialects. /ð/ generally changes to /d/ when preceded by a voiced nasal or liquid, or by a vowel followed by an obstruent or voiced nasal or liquid. | ||
An example of the current orthographical representation and original pronunciation in the Viránt Gæţwin, and the current pronunciation in the Modern Colloquial Gæţwin, is represented in the following example: | An example of the current orthographical representation and original pronunciation in the Viránt Gæţwin, and the current pronunciation in the Modern Colloquial Gæţwin, is represented in the following example: | ||
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|+ '''Divergences in Spelling and Pronunciation Over Time''' | |+ '''Divergences in Spelling and Pronunciation Over Time''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" | || Spelling || Pronunciation || Meaning | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" | Form | ||
| Viránt Gæţwin | | Viránt Gæţwin | ||
| rowspan="2"| Đæl mìreli torma ueðen | | rowspan="2"| Đæl mìreli torma ueðen | ||
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Vowel length is distinctive in Ín Duári, and is indicated in the orthography by acute accents over the lengthened vowels. Additionally, the acute accent in ''ú'' and ''í'' also signify vowel quality. Since vowel length affects the stress; the acute accent also indicates the location of the primary stress of the word. | Vowel length is distinctive in Ín Duári, and is indicated in the orthography by acute accents over the lengthened vowels. Additionally, the acute accent in ''ú'' and ''í'' also signify vowel quality. Since vowel length affects the stress; the acute accent also indicates the location of the primary stress of the word. | ||
Vowel length is almost always associated with syllable stress. As a general rule, long vowels do not occur in CVCC clusters, although some exceptions arise, as in '' | Vowel length is almost always associated with syllable stress. As a general rule, long vowels do not occur in CVCC clusters, although some exceptions arise, as in ''mínţir'' (exhaustion). If two or more long vowels occur in a word, the final long vowel is stressed. | ||
====Intonation==== | ====Intonation==== | ||
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{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Type !! Affix !! Example | ! Type !! Affix !! Example !! Translation | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Verbal Noun || || | | Verbal Noun || || var-a || sight, to see | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Gerund || -ein || | | Gerund || -ein || var-ein || seeing | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Participle || | | Participle || -is || var-is || seen | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = Kel Renviaran evára Anzi renzuiţ | |phrase = Kel Renviaran evára Anzi renzuiţ Haţluada men Kirmaţanaida | ||
| IPA = | | IPA = kɛl ɾɛn'varjɛn ɛ'vaɾ 'anzi 'renzwɪθ haθlu'ada mɛn kɪɾma'θanɪda | ||
| morphemes = kel renviar evára haţlua men kirmaţ-anai | | morphemes = kel renviar-an evára haţlua-da men kirmaţ-anai-da | ||
| gloss = PST.NEG PN go wolf CONN minhast.speaking.tribe-DEN | | gloss = PST.NEG PN-CL1.NOM go.PST.PRF wolf-CL2.P.ACC CONN minhast.speaking.tribe-DEN-CL2.P.ACC | ||
| translation = Renviar did not go to Anzi to kill Wolf Speakers | | translation = Renviar did not go to Anzi to kill Wolf Speakers | ||
}} | }} | ||