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Ín Duári: Difference between revisions
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Nouns inflect for gender, number and case. There are four main noun classes and three peripheral ones. The first four classes denote mostly humans, higher animals, lower animals and plants or natural phenomena, and natural inanimate objects. Nouns in the third class contains mostly body parts. The next two denote verbal nouns, abstract concepts, and miscellaneous objects. The final class contains only a few common nouns, mostly inanimate. | Nouns inflect for gender, number and case. There are four main noun classes and three peripheral ones. The first four classes denote mostly humans, higher animals, lower animals and plants or natural phenomena, and natural inanimate objects. Nouns in the third class contains mostly body parts. The next two denote verbal nouns, abstract concepts, and miscellaneous objects. The final class contains only a few common nouns, mostly inanimate. | ||
These nouns have been organized by traditional grammarians according to five declensions, each reflecting their general semantic domain and their inflectional paradigm. These are known as the ''Toma'', ''Reváni'', '' | These nouns have been organized by traditional grammarians according to five declensions, each reflecting their general semantic domain and their inflectional paradigm. These are known as the ''Toma'', ''Reváni'', ''þúar'', ''Ḩernwin'', ''Arðen'' and ''Nieri'' Declensions. These declensions can generalized as follows: | ||
*The ''Toma'' Declension (''toma'' means "primary, foremost"), is reserved almost exclusively for humans and certain domesticated animals, mostly pets, which are often anthropomorphized. These nouns tend to possess a high level of agency, although a few exceptions occur, notably weapons. A little bit over a third of all Golahát nouns fall under this category. Nouns in the ''Toma'' Declension end in either a final ''-e'', ''-n'', ''-en'', or ''-ne'' in the nominative singular, depending on whether the root ends in a vowel or consonant. Notice that the Accusative is unmarked. Plurality is indicated by CV- reduplication of the first syllable of the root, plus the affix ''-ha'' which is added '''before''' the case suffix. In the case for the Accusative, the plural marker ''-ha-'' is infixed before the final root consonant, as indicated by the underline. | *The ''Toma'' Declension (''toma'' means "primary, foremost"), is reserved almost exclusively for humans and certain domesticated animals, mostly pets, which are often anthropomorphized. These nouns tend to possess a high level of agency, although a few exceptions occur, notably weapons. A little bit over a third of all Golahát nouns fall under this category. Nouns in the ''Toma'' Declension end in either a final ''-e'', ''-n'', ''-en'', or ''-ne'' in the nominative singular, depending on whether the root ends in a vowel or consonant. Notice that the Accusative is unmarked. Plurality is indicated by CV- reduplication of the first syllable of the root, plus the affix ''-ha'' which is added '''before''' the case suffix. In the case for the Accusative, the plural marker ''-ha-'' is infixed before the final root consonant, as indicated by the underline. | ||
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*Higher animals, particularly mammals and birds, and humans that tend to lack or be deficient in agency (e.g. infants), make up the second noun class, the ''Reváni'' Declension (''reváni'' means "honored, honorable"). Unlike the nouns in the ''Toma'' Declension, the Nominative case in the nouns of the ''Reváni'' Declension is unmarked while the Accusative is explicitly marked with the suffix ''-e''. As in the ''Toma'' Declension, the first syllable undergoes CV-reduplication, but unlike the ''Toma'' Declension, the plural affix ''-ha-'', or its allophone ''-h-'' is infixed before the root's final consonant before the case suffix is added. The ''-ha-'' infix occurs only in the Nominative and Accusative forms, otherwise the ''-h-'' infix is used for all other cases. | *Higher animals, particularly mammals and birds, and humans that tend to lack or be deficient in agency (e.g. infants), make up the second noun class, the ''Reváni'' Declension (''reváni'' means "honored, honorable"). Unlike the nouns in the ''Toma'' Declension, the Nominative case in the nouns of the ''Reváni'' Declension is unmarked while the Accusative is explicitly marked with the suffix ''-e''. As in the ''Toma'' Declension, the first syllable undergoes CV-reduplication, but unlike the ''Toma'' Declension, the plural affix ''-ha-'', or its allophone ''-h-'' is infixed before the root's final consonant before the case suffix is added. The ''-ha-'' infix occurs only in the Nominative and Accusative forms, otherwise the ''-h-'' infix is used for all other cases. | ||
*The '' | *The ''þúar'' ("forest") Declension refer to non-mammalian and non-avian animals; the elements fire, earth, wind, and water; and large trees. Like the ''Reváni'' declension, the Nominative case is unmarked while the Accusative case is marked. The case suffixes of this declension contain a submorpheme ''-l'', which preceding root consonants assimilate to, e.g. root/Nominative ''seiván'' but accusative ''seiváli'' ("tree"). | ||
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! colspan="2" | ''Toma'' Declension | ! colspan="2" | ''Toma'' Declension | ||
! colspan="2" | ''Reváni'' Declension | ! colspan="2" | ''Reváni'' Declension | ||
! colspan="2" | '' | ! colspan="2" | ''þúar'' Declension | ||
! colspan="2" | ''Ḩernwin'' Declension | ! colspan="2" | ''Ḩernwin'' Declension | ||
! colspan="2" | ''Arðin'' Declension | ! colspan="2" | ''Arðin'' Declension | ||
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! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| sorane | | sorane | ||
| | | sosoraþane | ||
| talar | | talar | ||
| tatala<u> | | tatala<u>þa</u>r | ||
| seiván | | seiván | ||
| | | | ||
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! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| sora | | sora | ||
| soso<u> | | soso<u>þa</u>ra | ||
| talare | | talare | ||
| tatala<u> | | tatala<u>þa</u>re | ||
| seiváli | | seiváli | ||
| | | | ||
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! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| soranai | | soranai | ||
| | | sosoraþanai | ||
| talarai | | talarai | ||
| tatala<u> | | tatala<u>þ</u>ra | ||
| seiváli | | seiváli | ||
| | | | ||
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! Comitative | ! Comitative | ||
| soraie | | soraie | ||
| | | sosoraþaie | ||
| talarie | | talarie | ||
| tatala<u> | | tatala<u>þ</u>re | ||
| seivásse | | seivásse | ||
| | | | ||
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! Ablative | ! Ablative | ||
| soraien | | soraien | ||
| | | sosoraþaien | ||
| talarien | | talarien | ||
| tatala<u> | | tatala<u>þ</u>rien | ||
| seivás | | seivás | ||
| | | | ||
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! Allative | ! Allative | ||
| soraion | | soraion | ||
| | | sosoraþaion | ||
| talarion | | talarion | ||
| tatala<u> | | tatala<u>þ</u>rion | ||
| seivássen | | seivássen | ||
| | | | ||
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! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| soraiona | | soraiona | ||
| | | soraþaiona | ||
| talari | | talari | ||
| tatala<u> | | tatala<u>þ</u>ri | ||
| seivás | | seivás | ||
| | | | ||
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| colspan="2" style="text-align: center|nevwin | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center|nevwin | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center|artan | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center|artan | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center| | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center|viðri | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Meaning | ! Meaning | ||