Řeuŋnie: Difference between revisions

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'''Ouřefr''' /ˈəʊr̝ɛfə/ (''Ouřefrnie cijtna'' /əʊr̝ɛfəɲeː tsijʔtna/) is an [[Idavic]] language belonging to the Nabŋaic branch. It is inspired by Czech, Cantonese, Dutch, RP English and Japanese. It is the third most widely spoken Nabŋaic language after [[Nabbrzé]] and (Sino-Korean inspired language).
'''Řeuŋnie''' is an a priori conlang inspired by Czech, Dutch, and Cantonese.


==Test==
==todo==
obou naarodoew i wzeujemneich mezi nimi bojoew a poetek doswiedčuje. Přijklad tento nowei a naazornei doewod jest togo, že teumieř wšecka pojmenowaanij obroew a welikaanoew w jazycijch zeupado-ewropejskeich, pokuž jejich kořenoew wystignouti lze, od mogutneich naarodoew wzata a na jinei smysl obraacena jsou. Že lužičtij ...
Oebek oebek chál etjewech 'we have a lot of mountains'


obou národůw i wzőjemneich mezi nimi bojůw a půtek doswiedčuje. Přijklad tento nowei a naazornei doewod jest togo, že tőmieř wšecka pojmenowánij obrůw a welikaanůw w jazycijch zőpado-ewropejskeich, pokuž jejich kořenůw wystignouti lze, od mogutneich národoew wzata a na jinei smysl obrácena jsou. Že lužičtij ...
===Words===
* 1: mál, 2: sep, 3: gej, 4: ádoš, 5: woez, 6: veunt, 7: ilem, 8: leuč, 9: mutj, 10: báj
* ''euj'' = (literary) lo, behold
* ''čeudj'' 'town'
* oebek oebek = (ideo) plentiful
* uistř 'self'
* uistřeft  'independence'
* beukĺ 'to repeat on a smaller scale'
* čétijn 'always'
* wachop = to approach
* wach- = near


''Wůŋanieš ősřibeit no varádobijn, ar wotloce bagurňr řeunie aš ŋóvej tamtánišie. Evlód wie noeganejne hář, po řitáŋ.''
===Diachronics===
#OSL
#Czech-like depalatalization and hard/soft vowel splits
#Palatalization-dependent GVS, then another depalatalization?
#Old Řeuŋnie ć dź ś ź merge into c z s z
#n- > l- (unless assimilating)
 
==Test==
''Woeŋanies uistřeft melouk lo vahrádyvijŋ, ar mezryz wodmyce bacirnje řeunie aš ŋávej tjemzánisie. Evloedr wie doezanejne hář, po ryhoteuŋ.''


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
"Czech with more vowels and simpler phonotactics"
"Czech with more vowels and simpler phonotactics" or "Play up the Dutch in Czech"
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
'''p b f t d ť ď c (dz) č dž k g f þ s š ch w v z ž h m n ň ŋ l r ř j''' /p b f t d c ɟ ts dz tʃ dʒ k ɣ f θ s ʃ x w v z ʒ h m n ɲ ŋ l~ɫ ɾ~ɹ r̝ j/
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
! colspan="2" scope="row"|
! colspan="2" scope="col"|Labial
! colspan="2" scope="col"|Alveolar
! colspan="2"  scope="col"|Palatal(ized)
! colspan="2" scope="col"|Velar
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Nasal
| colspan="2"|'''m''' /m/
| colspan="2"|'''n''' /n/
| colspan="2"|'''nj''' /ɲ/
|colspan="2"|'''ŋ''' /ŋ/
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Plosive
|'''p''' /p/
|'''b''' /b/
|'''t''' /t/
|'''d''' /d/
|'''tj''' /c/
|'''dj''' /ɟ/
|'''k''' /k/
|
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Fricative
|'''f''' /f/
|'''v''' /v/
|'''s, š''' /s/
|'''z, ž''' /z/
| ||
|'''ch''' /x/
|'''g''' /{{gh}}/
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Affricate
| colspan="2"|
|'''c, č''' /ts/
|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Flap
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|'''r''' /ɾ/
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Trill
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|'''ř''' /r~r̥/
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Approximant
| colspan="2"|'''w''' /(Dutch w)/
| colspan="2"|'''l''' /l~ɫ/
| colspan="2"|'''j''' /j/
|
|
|}
'''m n ŋ l''' can be syllabic; when syllabic they are written '''ḿ ń ŋ́ ĺ''' and have the same length as long vowels.


'''m n ŋ''' can be syllabic
Voiceless stops are unaspirated as in Dutch and Czech.
 
Obstruent voicing assimilation as in Slavic.


Glottal reinforcement, but no gemination
Glottal reinforcement, but no gemination
/l/ has the same l~ɫ allophony as in RP; vocalization of dark L to [w] possible
In the Oeljanian accent, '''r''' is always a tap [ɾ]. In the Lo'edjeuan accent, '''r''' can be uvular.
In the Oeljanian accent, '''ř''' is realized as a voiceless trill [r̥] in voiceless environments (word-finally and adjacent to a voiceless consonant). In the Lo'edjeuan accent, '''ř''' is always voiceless [r̥]. In dialects, '''ř''' is variously pronounced like [r̝] (the Czech ''ř''), [ʐ], [ʂ], [ʒ], [ʃ], or [ð], or merges with '''r'''.
====Notes on consonant diachronics====
Řeuŋnie shows debuccalization of Proto-Idavic *g to '''h''' /ʕ/; compare Dutch, Czech and Ukrainian. Proto-Nabŋaic *b has shifted to '''v'''. /p b g/ are loan phonemes.
Proto-Idavic *ť ď has shifted to '''*č dž''' > '''c z'''.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Dutch-like spelling:
The spelling of Řeuŋnie vowels reflects a shift similar to the Great Vowel Shift (cf. Common Czech and Dutch), which also affects loanwords borrowed before the shift, such as most Netagin loans in Řeuŋnie.


'''a e/ě i/y o u aa/ar ee/er/ěr ij/ei oo/or uu eu/ui ie/ir oe/ur ou r rr'''
'''a e/je i/y o u á é ij/ei ó ú eu/ui ie oe ou ŕ''' /ɐ ɛ ɪ ɔ ɵ aː ɛː ɛɪ~ɪj aː yː~ʉː œː ɪː oː~uː əʊ~əʏ ɜː/


Czech-like spelling:
Closer allophones [ɪj~eɪ] of /ɛɪ/ are more common after palatals /c ɟ ɲ/.


'''a e ě i/y o u á/ar é/er/ěr ij/ei ó/or ú ő ie/ir ů/ur ou r rr''' /ɐ ɛ (j)ɛ ɪ ɔ (Japanese u) ɑː(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ) ɪj~ɛɪ ɔː(ɹ) (Japanese ū) œː eː(ɹ) oː(ɹ) əʊ ə(ɹ) ɜː(ɹ)/
*'''je i ie í eu''' are palatalizing; all other orthographic vowels are nonpalatalizing.
**For C = '''b p v f''', '''Cje Ceu Cí''' denote /Cjɛ Cjœː Cjɛɪ/; '''mje meu mij''' denotes /mɲɛ mɲœː mɲɛɪ/.
**For C = '''d t n''', '''Cje Ci Cie Cí Ceu''' denote /ɟ c ɲ/ + vowel.
*'''ó''' mostly occurs in loanwords from [[Netagin]].


'''ě i ie ij eu''' are palatalizing; all other orthographic vowels are nonpalatalizing
====Notes on vowel diachronics====
Řeuŋnie has lost Proto-Nabŋaic vowel length. Pre-Proto-Nabŋaic i u e a ī ū ē ā become e o e a i y ě o when not lengthened. Some vowel devoicing has occurred (cf. Japanese), which gave Řeuŋnie more consonant clusters.


Long vowels take two morae; downstep as in Japanese
Long vowels result from open-syllable lengthening (OSL): **čettijn > *četijn; **četijn > *čétijn. OSL occurred before the devoicing, making the Ourefr distribution of long vowels somewhat similar to Czech.
 
Modern '''ie ý/í oe ú''' result from older 'ää ý/í ó ú. Old Řeuŋnie u, ú has shifted to i, ij after soft consonants ''j č ž š ň *ľ ř''.
 
Palatalizing '''eu''' /œː/ is common in native words. Common sources are:
*Old Řeuŋnie /æː/ before velars or /l/: for example, ''řeuŋ'' /rœːŋ/ 'wind' comes from Old Řeuŋnie ''řa̋ŋ'' < PNab ''*rěŋu'' < PId ''*renwi''.
*Old Řeuŋnie long /juː/, coming from PId /ew/ or /iw/.
Non-palatalizing '''ui''' /œː/ comes mostly from historical ''*ujV'' or loanwords.
 
Most speakers today are in the process of merging /ɜː/ into '''á''' /aː/.
 
As suggested by the spelling, '''ŕ''' /ɜː/ comes from syllabic ''r''.
 
===Downstep===
Řeuŋnie has pitch accent. Non-initial '''h''' (historically /ʕ/, from earlier /g/) is realized as suprasegmental pharyngealization which acts on a syllable level: vowels in affected syllables are lengthened, lowered, and pharyngealized, and the syllable gains a downstep. On the other hand, ''' ' ''' (historically /ʔ/) in the same position would indicate lack of a downstep. For example,
*Vh# or VhC indicates [+phar]ꜜ: ''ftoh'' /ftoꜜ/ 'riverbank; coast' is read as [ftɔː], but the genitive/dative sg. ''ftohy'' /ftɔˤːꜜɪ/ is pronounced [ftɔ̌ːɪ̀], and ''ftohta'' (instrumental/locative plural) is pronounced [ftɔ̌ːtà].
*VhV indicates V[+phar]ꜜV: ''ksaha'' /ksaꜜa/ 'stranger' is read as [ksâː], and the genitive sg. ''ksah'' /ksaꜜ/ is pronounced [ksǎː].
 
'''h''' also removes falling components from preceding diphthongs: '''ouh ijh/eih''' are pronounced [œːꜜ ɛːꜜ].


===Historically hard-soft vowel pairs===
===Historically hard-soft vowel pairs===
Some vowel letters denote palatalization of the preceding consonant. For example, dě tě ně are read as if they were spelled ďe ťe ňe.
*hard y ~ soft i
*hard y ~ soft i
*hard u ~ soft i
*hard u ~ soft i
*hard a ~ soft ě
*hard a ~ soft ě
*hard o ~ soft ě
*hard ei ~ soft ij
*hard ei ~ soft ij
*hard á ~ soft ie/eu
*hard ou ~ soft eu
*hard ou ~ soft eu
*hard ui ~ soft eu
*hard ui ~ soft eu
Line 43: Line 151:
*hard ú ~ soft ij
*hard ú ~ soft ij


Long vowels result from OSL čettijn > četijn; četijn > čeetijn
Long vowels result from OSL ćettijn > cetijn; ćetijn > cétijn
 
==Syntax==
Lifted from Korean and Japanese; completely head-final except in poetry.
 
==Poetry==
Piyyut-like rhyming (i.e. last syllables agree) is the most common way to rhyme two words.
 
==Sample text==
===UDHR===
''Tkanje beušij na hiečti kfa botsijné vo, oedḿŋo'il ze wakŕvil páčta navŕsijnéc. Beušij na toudžḿnil rachúbinil ze mačijdil sfášijm vo, iezoer oŋužeuv lama dŕmi ŋ́ku-teuzimi wášil wecsáš hoezách mienic.''
 
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 01:40, 28 March 2024

Řeuŋnie is an a priori conlang inspired by Czech, Dutch, and Cantonese.

todo

Oebek oebek chál etjewech 'we have a lot of mountains'

Words

  • 1: mál, 2: sep, 3: gej, 4: ádoš, 5: woez, 6: veunt, 7: ilem, 8: leuč, 9: mutj, 10: báj
  • euj = (literary) lo, behold
  • čeudj 'town'
  • oebek oebek = (ideo) plentiful
  • uistř 'self'
  • uistřeft 'independence'
  • beukĺ 'to repeat on a smaller scale'
  • čétijn 'always'
  • wachop = to approach
  • wach- = near

Diachronics

  1. OSL
  2. Czech-like depalatalization and hard/soft vowel splits
  3. Palatalization-dependent GVS, then another depalatalization?
  4. Old Řeuŋnie ć dź ś ź merge into c z s z
  5. n- > l- (unless assimilating)

Test

Woeŋanies uistřeft melouk lo vahrádyvijŋ, ar mezryz wodmyce bacirnje řeunie aš ŋávej tjemzánisie. Evloedr wie doezanejne hář, po ryhoteuŋ.

Phonology

"Czech with more vowels and simpler phonotactics" or "Play up the Dutch in Czech"

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal(ized) Velar
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ nj /ɲ/ ŋ /ŋ/
Plosive p /p/ b /b/ t /t/ d /d/ tj /c/ dj /ɟ/ k /k/
Fricative f /f/ v /v/ s, š /s/ z, ž /z/ ch /x/ g /ɣ/
Affricate c, č /ts/
Flap r /ɾ/
Trill ř /r~r̥/
Approximant w /(Dutch w)/ l /l~ɫ/ j /j/

m n ŋ l can be syllabic; when syllabic they are written ḿ ń ŋ́ ĺ and have the same length as long vowels.

Voiceless stops are unaspirated as in Dutch and Czech.

Obstruent voicing assimilation as in Slavic.

Glottal reinforcement, but no gemination

/l/ has the same l~ɫ allophony as in RP; vocalization of dark L to [w] possible

In the Oeljanian accent, r is always a tap [ɾ]. In the Lo'edjeuan accent, r can be uvular.

In the Oeljanian accent, ř is realized as a voiceless trill [r̥] in voiceless environments (word-finally and adjacent to a voiceless consonant). In the Lo'edjeuan accent, ř is always voiceless [r̥]. In dialects, ř is variously pronounced like [r̝] (the Czech ř), [ʐ], [ʂ], [ʒ], [ʃ], or [ð], or merges with r.

Notes on consonant diachronics

Řeuŋnie shows debuccalization of Proto-Idavic *g to h /ʕ/; compare Dutch, Czech and Ukrainian. Proto-Nabŋaic *b has shifted to v. /p b g/ are loan phonemes.

Proto-Idavic *ť ď has shifted to *č dž > c z.

Vowels

The spelling of Řeuŋnie vowels reflects a shift similar to the Great Vowel Shift (cf. Common Czech and Dutch), which also affects loanwords borrowed before the shift, such as most Netagin loans in Řeuŋnie.

a e/je i/y o u á é ij/ei ó ú eu/ui ie oe ou ŕ /ɐ ɛ ɪ ɔ ɵ aː ɛː ɛɪ~ɪj aː yː~ʉː œː ɪː oː~uː əʊ~əʏ ɜː/

Closer allophones [ɪj~eɪ] of /ɛɪ/ are more common after palatals /c ɟ ɲ/.

  • je i ie í eu are palatalizing; all other orthographic vowels are nonpalatalizing.
    • For C = b p v f, Cje Ceu Cí denote /Cjɛ Cjœː Cjɛɪ/; mje meu mij denotes /mɲɛ mɲœː mɲɛɪ/.
    • For C = d t n, Cje Ci Cie Cí Ceu denote /ɟ c ɲ/ + vowel.
  • ó mostly occurs in loanwords from Netagin.

Notes on vowel diachronics

Řeuŋnie has lost Proto-Nabŋaic vowel length. Pre-Proto-Nabŋaic i u e a ī ū ē ā become e o e a i y ě o when not lengthened. Some vowel devoicing has occurred (cf. Japanese), which gave Řeuŋnie more consonant clusters.

Long vowels result from open-syllable lengthening (OSL): **čettijn > *četijn; **četijn > *čétijn. OSL occurred before the devoicing, making the Ourefr distribution of long vowels somewhat similar to Czech.

Modern ie ý/í oe ú result from older 'ää ý/í ó ú. Old Řeuŋnie u, ú has shifted to i, ij after soft consonants j č ž š ň *ľ ř.

Palatalizing eu /œː/ is common in native words. Common sources are:

  • Old Řeuŋnie /æː/ before velars or /l/: for example, řeuŋ /rœːŋ/ 'wind' comes from Old Řeuŋnie řa̋ŋ < PNab *rěŋu < PId *renwi.
  • Old Řeuŋnie long /juː/, coming from PId /ew/ or /iw/.

Non-palatalizing ui /œː/ comes mostly from historical *ujV or loanwords.

Most speakers today are in the process of merging /ɜː/ into á /aː/.

As suggested by the spelling, ŕ /ɜː/ comes from syllabic r.

Downstep

Řeuŋnie has pitch accent. Non-initial h (historically /ʕ/, from earlier /g/) is realized as suprasegmental pharyngealization which acts on a syllable level: vowels in affected syllables are lengthened, lowered, and pharyngealized, and the syllable gains a downstep. On the other hand, ' (historically /ʔ/) in the same position would indicate lack of a downstep. For example,

  • Vh# or VhC indicates [+phar]ꜜ: ftoh /ftoꜜ/ 'riverbank; coast' is read as [ftɔː], but the genitive/dative sg. ftohy /ftɔˤːꜜɪ/ is pronounced [ftɔ̌ːɪ̀], and ftohta (instrumental/locative plural) is pronounced [ftɔ̌ːtà].
  • VhV indicates V[+phar]ꜜV: ksaha /ksaꜜa/ 'stranger' is read as [ksâː], and the genitive sg. ksah /ksaꜜ/ is pronounced [ksǎː].

h also removes falling components from preceding diphthongs: ouh ijh/eih are pronounced [œːꜜ ɛːꜜ].

Historically hard-soft vowel pairs

  • hard y ~ soft i
  • hard u ~ soft i
  • hard a ~ soft ě
  • hard ei ~ soft ij
  • hard á ~ soft ie/eu
  • hard ou ~ soft eu
  • hard ui ~ soft eu
  • hard oe ~ soft ie
  • hard ú ~ soft ij

Long vowels result from OSL ćettijn > cetijn; ćetijn > cétijn

Syntax

Lifted from Korean and Japanese; completely head-final except in poetry.

Poetry

Piyyut-like rhyming (i.e. last syllables agree) is the most common way to rhyme two words.

Sample text

UDHR

Tkanje beušij na hiečti kfa botsijné vo, oedḿŋo'il ze wakŕvil páčta navŕsijnéc. Beušij na toudžḿnil rachúbinil ze mačijdil sfášijm vo, iezoer oŋužeuv lama dŕmi ŋ́ku-teuzimi wášil wecsáš hoezách mienic.

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