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| 1) Internal sandhi: rule -n·v- → -p-, fusion to /p/
| 1) Internal sandhi: rule -n·v- → -p-, fusion to /p/
|-
|-
| bV•en•vɯl•Vr > bepɯlɯr
| bV·en·vɯl·Vr > bepɯlɯr
|-
|-
| 2) External sandhi: rule -C b- > -C p-, fortition of /b/  /p/ (devoicing of /b/)
| 2) External sandhi: rule -C b- > -C p-, fortition of /b/  /p/ (devoicing of /b/)
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The participial verbal forms are formed with the bare root of the verb, marked with the participial marker {{sc|ppl}} ''aC₂(a)-'' (a modified form of the gnomic aspect marker {{sc|gnom}} ''aC₂C₂a-'') and an epenthetic suffix  ''-i/-ĭ'' that takes over the slot of the person-tense marker. This works as an infinitive participle, and can furtherly be inflected for tense and aspect. The forms of the {{sc|ppl}} fused with the verbal tense structural primary verbal aspects, and most used participles are:
The participial verbal forms are formed with the bare root of the verb, marked with the participial marker {{sc|ppl}} ''aC₂(a)-'' (a modified form of the gnomic aspect marker {{sc|gnom}} ''aC₂C₂a-'') and an epenthetic suffix  ''-i/-ĭ'' that takes over the slot of the person-tense marker. This works as an infinitive participle, and can furtherly be inflected for tense and aspect. The forms of the {{sc|ppl}} fused with the verbal tense structural primary verbal aspects, and most used participles are:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
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|-
|-
|}
|}


Marked with the forms:
Marked with the forms:
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|-
|-
|}
|}


For example:
For example:
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====Referent anaphora====
====Referent anaphora====


=====Anaphoric reference shift particle=====
=====Anaphoric reference shift particle=====
Line 1,053: Line 1,049:
Two verbal roots are combined to convey a new meaning (see ''Derivational morphology: Special compositional functions of verbs'').
Two verbal roots are combined to convey a new meaning (see ''Derivational morphology: Special compositional functions of verbs'').


<!--
===Animacy, control and volition===
===Animacy, control and volition===
===Adjectives and adverbs===
===Adjectives and adverbs===
Line 1,058: Line 1,055:
====Participles====
====Participles====
====Dative and genitive constructions====
====Dative and genitive constructions====
-->
===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===


Line 1,219: Line 1,217:
Examples:
Examples:


'''''to.cleave'''''
:{|
:{|
|-
| '''''to.cleave'''''
|-
|-
| Verb₁: ''max'' /max/ to.cut
| Verb₁: ''max'' /max/ to.cut
Line 1,241: Line 1,239:
|}
|}


'''''to.glare'''''
:{|
:{|
|-
| '''''to.glare'''''
|-
|-
|Verb₁: ''ala'' /ˈa.la/ to.see
|Verb₁: ''ala'' /ˈa.la/ to.see
Line 1,264: Line 1,261:




<!--
=====Dative compounds=====
=====Dative compounds=====


Line 1,271: Line 1,267:
The elements of the dative compound are preceded by the pertinent dative case marker DAT depending on the gender and number of the determinatum. Furthermore, the determinatum is suffixed as follows:
The elements of the dative compound are preceded by the pertinent dative case marker DAT depending on the gender and number of the determinatum. Furthermore, the determinatum is suffixed as follows:


(1) [√-C] → -i if [√C-] | -Ø if [√V-]
:(1) [√-C] → -i if [√C-] | -Ø if [√V-]
(2) [√-V] → -Ø if [√C-] | -t if [√V-]


(1) If the root of noun₁ ends with a consonant, then it will be suffixed either with –i/-ĭ if the root of noun₂ begins with a consonant or not suffixed if it begins with a vowel.
:(2) [√-V] → -Ø if [√C-] | -t if [√V-]


(2) If the root of noun₁ ends with a vowel, then it will be either not suffixed if the root of noun₂ begins with a consonant, or with -t if it begins with a vowel.
::(1) If the root of noun₁ ends with a consonant, then it will be suffixed either with –i/-ĭ if the root of noun₂ begins with a consonant or not suffixed if it begins with a vowel.
 
::(2) If the root of noun₁ ends with a vowel, then it will be either not suffixed if the root of noun₂ begins with a consonant, or with -t if it begins with a vowel.


The determinatum suffix is glossed with DS (“determinatum suffix”). The morphemes are then subject to regular sandhi phenomena.
The determinatum suffix is glossed with DS (“determinatum suffix”). The morphemes are then subject to regular sandhi phenomena.
Line 1,284: Line 1,281:
Examples:
Examples:


-C•C-
'''''-C·C-'''''


Regular form
''Regular form''


BALMARAX NELEMER  
:{| class=""wikitable
bVl-mar-Vx nelem-Vr Ø
|-
DAT.SG.INAN-hills-SG.DET forests-COL.DET-IND
| {{cardosmall|BALMARAX NELEMER}}
“to the hill, there are forests” > “the hill has forests”
|-
The forests of the hill
| bVl-mar-Vx nelem-Vr Ø
Compound form
|-
| DAT.SG.INAN-hills-SG.DET forests-COL.DET-IND
|-
| “to the hill, there are forests” > “the hill has forests”
|-
| The forests of the hill
|-
|}


BALLARINELEM
''Compound form''
bVl-mar-i-nelem-Ø
DAT.SG.INAN-hills-DS-forests-COL.DET-IND
“to the hill, there are forests” > “the hill has forests”
The forests of the hill


:{| class=""wikitable
|-
| {{cardosmall|BALLARINELEM}}
|-
| bVl-mar-i-nelem-Ø
|-
| DAT.SG.INAN-hills-DS-forests-COL.DET-IND
|-
| “to the hill, there are forests” > “the hill has forests”
|-
| The forests of the hill
|-
|}


Regular form
''Regular form''


BALMARAX NĒR
:{| class=""wikitable
bVl-mar-Vx ne-Vr Ø
|-
DAT.SG.INAN-hills-SG.DET trees-COL.DET-IND
| {{cardosmall|BALMARAX NĒR}}
“to the hill, there are trees” > “the hill has trees”
|-
The trees of the hill
| bVl-mar-Vx ne-Vr Ø
Compound form
|-
| DAT.SG.INAN-hills-SG.DET trees-COL.DET-IND
|-
| “to the hill, there are trees” > “the hill has trees”
|-
| The trees of the hill
|-
|}


BALLARINE
''Compound form''
bVl-mar-i-ne-Ø
DAT.SG.INAN-hills-DS-trees-IND
“to the hill, there are trees” > “the hill has trees”
The trees of the hill


 
:{| class=""wikitable
-V•V-
|-
| {{cardosmall|BALLARINE}}
|-
| bVl-mar-i-ne-Ø
|-
| DAT.SG.INAN-hills-DS-trees-IND
|-
| “to the hill, there are trees” > “the hill has trees”
|-
| The trees of the hill
|-
|}
<!--
-V·V-


Regular form
Regular form


Compound form
Compound form
 
-->
 


This kind of compounding is also used to form many words referring to places where something is made or found. This takes different general descriptive words for different kinds of places as determiners in the DEF.SING form. For buildings, it takes the word house, en. For open spaces, it takes the word field, bĕ.
This kind of compounding is also used to form many words referring to places where something is made or found. This takes different general descriptive words for different kinds of places as determiners in the DEF.SING form. For buildings, it takes the word house, en. For open spaces, it takes the word field, bĕ.


For instance, ‘bakery’ would be bŭllŭkenex {bVl-vŭk-Ø-en-Vx}, literally “to breads, the house”. Also, the word for ‘_______{something with field}’ would be __bẹ̄x {(dat)-_-(DS)-bĕ-Vx}, literally “”. Furthermore, the word for arsenal or armory, both “weapon storage” and “weapon manufacture”, would be balgašenex {bVl-kaša(s̆)-Ø-en-Vx}, literally “to weapons, the house”; this could then be furtherly disambiguated using either __{to.store-weapon=DS-…} for the manufacture or __{to.make-weapon=DS-…} for the storage (SEE NOUN-VERB COMPOUNDS).
For instance, ‘bakery’ would be '''''bŭllŭkenex''''' {bVl-vŭk-Ø-en-Vx}, literally “to breads, the house”. <!--Also, the word for ‘_______{something with field}’ would be '''''__bẹ̄x''''' {(dat)-_-(DS)-bĕ-Vx}, literally “”. -->Furthermore, the word for arsenal or armory, both “weapon storage” and “weapon manufacture”, would be '''''balgašenex''''' {bVl-kaša(s̆)-Ø-en-Vx}, literally “to weapons, the house”<!--; this could then be furtherly disambiguated using either __{to.store-weapon=DS-…} for the manufacture or __{to.make-weapon=DS-…} for the storage--> (SEE NOUN-VERB COMPOUNDS).
 


====Nominalization====
====Nominalization====
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/j_/
/j_/
{jV-}
{jV-}


=====Nominalization of a verb=====
=====Nominalization of a verb=====
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Replacement of the first consonant through /m/ in the iteration:
Replacement of the first consonant through /m/ in the iteration:


[√-C], [√-V]  √C•{C>m}V-
[√-C], [√-V] → √C·{C>m}V-


-fricative
-fricative
Line 1,364: Line 1,390:
Lenition of stops:
Lenition of stops:


[√-C], [√-V] → √C•{C+lenition}V-
[√-C], [√-V] → √C·{C+lenition}V-
-nasal
-nasal
-liquid
-liquid
Line 1,373: Line 1,399:
Epenthesis of /b/:
Epenthesis of /b/:


VC roots → VC•{b}•VC
VC roots → VC·{b}·VC


ĕl to.__ _________ ĕppĕl (<ĕlbĕl) ___
ĕl to.__ _________ ĕppĕl (<ĕlbĕl) ___
Line 1,380: Line 1,406:


ala to.perceive ________ alabal(a)  
ala to.perceive ________ alabal(a)  


Verbs that are already composite are normally nominalized with the prefixation of the nominalizer NLZ y(V)- to this same effect.
Verbs that are already composite are normally nominalized with the prefixation of the nominalizer NLZ y(V)- to this same effect.


=====Nominalization of a locative adverb=====
=====Nominalization of a locative adverb=====
Line 1,401: Line 1,425:
‹nekilixtir› ‹yenekilixtir›
‹nekilixtir› ‹yenekilixtir›
/ˈne.ki.lix.tiɾ/ /je.ˈne.ki.lix.tiɾ/
/ˈne.ki.lix.tiɾ/ /je.ˈne.ki.lix.tiɾ/
{ne•kil•Vx•tVr} {yV•ne•kil•Vx•tVr}
{ne·kil·Vx·tVr} {yV·ne·kil·Vx·tVr}
tree-SUP-DET.PL-SOME NLZ-tree-SUP-DET.PL-SOME
tree-SUP-DET.PL-SOME NLZ-tree-SUP-DET.PL-SOME
"on top of some trees" "the top of some trees"
"on top of some trees" "the top of some trees"
Line 1,409: Line 1,433:
‹xomaxram yēkennekilixtir›
‹xomaxram yēkennekilixtir›
/xo.ˈma.xɾam ˈjeː.ken.ne.ki.ˌlix.tiɾ/
/xo.ˈma.xɾam ˈjeː.ken.ne.ki.ˌlix.tiɾ/
{ xo•max•ram ye•eken•ne•kil•ix•tir}
{ xo·max·ram ye·eken·ne·kil·ix·tir}
{C₂o max-hɾam yV•VkVn•ne•kil•Vx•tVr}
{C₂o max-hɾam yV·VkVn·ne·kil·Vx·tVr}
PER.ANIM-to.cut-NPR.ANIM.MASC.1S NLZ-ABS.INAN.PL-tree-SUP-DET.PL-SOME
PER.ANIM-to.cut-NPR.ANIM.MASC.1S NLZ-ABS.INAN.PL-tree-SUP-DET.PL-SOME
"I (masc.) cut (past) the top of some trees"
"I (masc.) cut (past) the top of some trees"


====Hypocoristics====
====Hypocoristics====


Some hypocoristics have since been lexicalized (e.g. yĕmĕr writing, yĕmĕrĭš “little writing” > letter)
Some hypocoristics have since been lexicalized (e.g. yĕmĕr writing, yĕmĕrĭš “little writing” > letter)
 
<!--To convey an aversive case and it’s opposite http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aversive_case-->
To convey an aversive case and it’s opposite http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aversive_case
 


=====Diminutives=====
=====Diminutives=====


-iš/-ĭš
-iš/-ĭš


=====Augmentatives=====
=====Augmentatives=====


-(h)kur/-(h)kŭr
-(h)kur/-(h)kŭr
 
<!--
=====Superlatives=====
=====Superlatives=====
-->
-->
 
<!--
===Negation===
===Negation===
====Use of the negative mood marker NEG xe====
====Use of the negative mood marker NEG xe====
Line 1,443: Line 1,463:
===Discourse particles===
===Discourse particles===
===Numerals===
===Numerals===
 
-->
==SYNTAX==
==SYNTAX==


Line 1,472: Line 1,492:
<br/>
<br/>
Citation forms:
Citation forms:
<!--
 
'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;
'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;


Line 1,478: Line 1,498:


'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.
'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.
-->
<!--==Leipzig-Jakarta list==


Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in [] have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.-->
<!--===Leipzig-Jakarta list===
<!--
 
Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in [LANGUAGENAME] have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, [LOCALIZED EXAMPLE: the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand'']. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the [LANGUAGENAME] lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| Ŭrbŭrŭx U
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| LANGUAGENAME
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|-
|ant || urna ||  
|ant || ||  
|-
|-
|arm || nidr ||  
|arm || ||  
|-
|-
|hand || lugr ||  
|hand || ||  
|-
|-
|ash || sigr ||  
|ash || ||  
|-
|-
|back || ikanrin ||  
|back || ||  
|-
|-
|big || dag ||  
|big || ||  
|-
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|bird || ||  
|-
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|to bite || ||  
|-
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|bitter || ||  
|-
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|black || ||  
|-
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|blood || ||  
|-
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|to blow || ||  
|-
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|bone || ||  
|-
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|breast || ||  
|-
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|to burn (intransitive) || ||  
|-
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|to carry || ||  
|-
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|child (reciprocal of parent) || ||  
|-
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|to come || ||  
|-
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|to crush/to grind || ||  
|-
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|to cry/to weep || ||  
|-
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|to do/to make || ||  
|-
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|dog || ||  
|-
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|to drink || ||  
|-
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|ear || ||  
|-
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|to eat || ||  
|-
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|egg || ||  
|-
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|eye || ||  
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|-
|to fall ||  ||  
|to fall ||  ||  
|-
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|far || ||  
|-
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|fire || ||  
|-
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|fish || ||  
|-
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|flesh/meat || ||  
|-
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|fly || ||  
|-
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|to give || ||  
|-
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|to go || ||  
|-
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|good || ||  
|-
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|hair (human) || ||  
|-
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|hard || ||  
|-
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|he/she || ||  
|-
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|it || ||  
|-
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|him/her || ||  
|-
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|to hear || ||  
|-
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|heavy || ||  
|-
|-
|to hide (intransitive) ||  ||  
|to hide (intransitive) ||  ||  
|-
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|to hit || ||  
|-
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|to beat || ||  
|-
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|horn || ||  
|-
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|house || ||  
|-
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|I || ||  
|-
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|me || ||  
|-
|-
|me || tró angr ||  
|in || ||  
|-
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó ||  
|knee || ||  
|-
|-
|knee || þranár ||  
|to know || ||  
|-
|-
|to know || arajur ||  
|to laugh || ||  
|-
|-
|to laugh || reþinur ||  
|leaf || ||  
|-
|-
|leaf || brefa ||  
|leg || ||  
|-
|-
|leg || þran ||  
|foot || ||  
|-
|-
|foot || jona ||  
|liver || ||  
|-
|-
|liver || geś ||
|long || ||  
|-
|long || bran ||  
|-
|-
|louse ||  ||  
|louse ||  ||  
|-
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste ||  
|mouth || ||  
|-
|-
|name || lok ||  
|name || ||  
|-
|-
|navel || hjarma ||  
|navel || ||  
|-
|-
|neck || mele ||  
|neck || ||  
|-
|-
|new || krim ||  
|new || ||  
|-
|-
|night || hjól ||  
|night || ||  
|-
|-
|nose || fróð ||  
|nose || ||  
|-
|-
|not (of an action) || ren ||  
|not || ||  
|-
|-
|old || þrór ||  
|old || ||  
|-
|-
|one || jog ||  
|one || ||  
|-
|-
|rain || sigrahir ||  
|rain || ||  
|-
|-
|red || agorókenallin ||  
|red || ||  
|-
|-
|root || suma ||  
|root || ||  
|-
|-
|rope || hjara ||  
|rope || ||  
|-
|-
|to run ||  ||  
|to run ||  ||  
Line 1,653: Line 1,669:
|shade/shadow ||  ||  
|shade/shadow ||  ||  
|-
|-
|skin (human) ||  ||  
|skin ||  ||  
|-
|-
|hide ||  ||  
|hide ||  ||  
Line 1,683: Line 1,699:
|thigh ||  ||  
|thigh ||  ||  
|-
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) ||  ||  
|this ||  ||  
|-
|-
|to tie ||  ||  
|to tie ||  ||  
Line 1,707: Line 1,723:
|yesterday ||  ||  
|yesterday ||  ||  
|-
|-
|you (singular, NOM) ||  ||  
|you ||  ||  
|-
|-
|}
|}
-->
 


=Orthography=
=Orthography=
-->


=Samples=
=Samples=
<!--
==Sentences==
==Sentences==
==Example of verb conjugation paradigms==
==Example of verb conjugation paradigms==
-->
==Words:==
==Words:==


Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/53173"