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=Grammar=
=Grammar=
 
<!--
====In a nutshell:====
====In a nutshell:====-->


==PHONOLOGY==
==PHONOLOGY==
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| 1) Internal sandhi: rule -n·v- → -p-, fusion to /p/
| 1) Internal sandhi: rule -n·v- → -p-, fusion to /p/
|-
|-
| bV•en•vɯl•Vr > bepɯlɯr
| bV·en·vɯl·Vr > bepɯlɯr
|-
|-
| 2) External sandhi: rule -C b- > -C p-, fortition of /b/  /p/ (devoicing of /b/)
| 2) External sandhi: rule -C b- > -C p-, fortition of /b/  /p/ (devoicing of /b/)
Line 584: Line 584:


=====Deictics=====
=====Deictics=====
 
.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:left"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:left"
|-
|+ style="text-align:left"| Deictic markers
|-
|-
! colspan=7 style="text-align:left"| A. ESSIVITY
! colspan=7 style="text-align:left"| A. ESSIVITY
Line 592: Line 594:
! !! ‹› !! colspan=2| // !! colspan=3| Case
! !! ‹› !! colspan=2| // !! colspan=3| Case
|-
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"| I || -vul || colspan=2| -vɯl || IN || inessive ||  
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"| I || -vul || colspan=2| -vɯl || {{sc|in}} || inessive ||  
|-
|-
| -kil || colspan=2| -kil || SUP || superessive ||  
| -kil || colspan=2| -kil || {{sc|sup}} || superessive ||  
|-
|-
| -tiš || colspan=2| -tiʃ || SUB || subessive ||  
| -tiš || colspan=2| -tiʃ || {{sc|sub}} || subessive ||  
|-
|-
| -lur || colspan=2| -lɯɾ || ANT || antessive ||  
| -lur || colspan=2| -lɯɾ || {{sc|ant}} || antessive ||  
|-
|-
| -vet || colspan=2| -vet || POSTE || postessive || This case is now rarely used for its original meaning "behind" and is often used to mean "with" or "in exchange for"
| -vet || colspan=2| -vet || {{sc|poste}} || postessive || This case is now rarely used for its original meaning "behind" and is often used to mean "with" or "in exchange for"
|-
|-
| -nur || colspan=2| -nɯɾ || APUD || apudessive || apudessive, adessive ||  
| -nur || colspan=2| -nɯɾ || {{sc|apud}} || apudessive || apudessive, adessive ||  
|-
|-
! colspan=7 style="text-align:left"| B. LATIVITY
! colspan=7 style="text-align:left"| B. LATIVITY
Line 608: Line 610:
! !! ‹› !! colspan=2| // !! colspan=3| Case
! !! ‹› !! colspan=2| // !! colspan=3| Case
|-
|-
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center"| II || -kur || colspan=2| -kɯɾ || IL || ilative ||
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center"| II || -kur || colspan=2| -kɯɾ || {{sc|il}} || ilative ||
|-
|-
| -lir || colspan=2| -liɾ || EL || elative ||  
| -lir || colspan=2| -liɾ || {{sc|el}} || elative ||  
|-
|-
| -vox || colspan=2| -vox || PERL || perlative ||  
| -vox || colspan=2| -vox || {{sc|perl}} || perlative ||  
|-
|-
| -tum || colspan=2| -tɯm || PROL || prolative || prolative, prosecutive, oblative/pertingent (against)
| -tum || colspan=2| -tɯm || {{sc|prol}} || prolative || prolative, prosecutive, oblative/pertingent (against)
|-
|-
| rowspan=7 style="text-align:center"| III.a || -te || colspan=2| -te || || || up.to, until
| rowspan=7 style="text-align:center"| III.a || -te || colspan=2| -te || || || up.to, until
Line 632: Line 634:
| rowspan=7 style="text-align:center"| III.b || -ho || colspan=2| -ho || || || from
| rowspan=7 style="text-align:center"| III.b || -ho || colspan=2| -ho || || || from
|-
|-
| -ful || -ho·vɯl || -fɯl || INEL || inelatve ||  
| -ful || -ho·vɯl || -fɯl || {{sc|inel}} || inelatve ||  
|-
|-
| -kil || -ho·kil || -(h)kil || || || /k/→/g/ sandhi doesn’t apply, anulated by underlying /h/
| -kil || -ho·kil || -(h)kil || || || /k/→/g/ sandhi doesn’t apply, anulated by underlying /h/
Line 647: Line 649:


====Nominal declension themes====
====Nominal declension themes====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| rowspan=2| C-theme || VC-stems
|-
|CVC-stems
|-
|rowspan=2| V-theme || CV-stems
|-
|CCV-stems
|-
|}
====Personal pronouns====
====Personal pronouns====
====Propter names====
 
Personal pronouns can be dropped. They are marked as follows:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| rowspan=2| {{sc|grammatical.case}} || {{sc|lam}} || rowspan=2| {{sc|deictic.marker}} || rowspan=2| {{sc|number.marker}}
|-
| “person"
|-
|}
 
====Proper names====
 
Proper names are marked for grammatical case in the same way as animate singular common nouns. Regular sandhi over morpheme boundaries is not triggered (for instance, ''tanTavar'' instead of ''**tanDavar'', see below).
 
In the Romanization, the capitalization of the proper name remains in place while prefixes and suffixes remain in minuscle, e.g.:
 
''“Farŭl” {Ø-Farŭl} {{sc|nom}}-Farŭl'' vs. ''“anFarŭl” {an-Farŭl} {{sc|erg}}-Farŭl'' or
 
''“Perit” {Ø-Perit} {{sc|nom}}-Perit'' vs. ''“belPerit” {bVl-Perit} {{sc|dat}}-Perit'' or
 
''“Tavar” {Ø-Tavar} {{sc|nom}}-Tavar'' vs. ''“tanTavar” {tVn-Tavar} {{sc|abs}}-Tavar''.
 
Other names, like ''given names'', ''nicknames'' and ''pet names'' based on ''common'' nouns are marked with the proper name marker {{sc|pnm}} ''–gV'' or ''–Vg''.
 
The proper name vocative, derived from a reduplicated form of the {{sc|pnm}}, fossilized in the forms ''-gagV'' and ''-agVg'', occurs with epenthesis of the harmonically neutral vowel ''a''. In this latter form, the first ''g'' is subject to sandhi, while the second isn’t. E.g. ''Tavar'' → ''Tavarraga!'', ''Perit'' → ''Perittagi!'', ''Farŭl'' → ''Farŭllagŭ!''.


===Verbal morphology===
===Verbal morphology===
Verbal roots are marked for tense, aspect and subject (animacy, gender, number and person). Mood is marked through postpositions.
====Tenses====
====Tenses====
Tenses are: present, non-present. The equivalent to the future and past tense are conveyed as follows:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan=5| Marking !! rowspan=2| Conveyed tense
|-
! -2 !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| {{sc|perfect}} || rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"| - || rowspan=3| √{{sc|root}} || rowspan=3| {{sc|obviative}} || {{sc|subject.non-present}} || {{sc|past}}
|-
| Ø || {{sc|subject.present}} || {{sc|present}}
|-
| {{sc|prospective}} || {{sc|subject.non-present}} || {{sc|future}}
|-
|}
Whence:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan=2| Marking !! rowspan=2 colspan=2|
|-
! Primary aspect (-2) !! Tense (2)
|-
| rowspan=2| Perfect || present || stative || resulting from past action
|-
| non-present || past ||
|-
| rowspan=2| Prospective || present || prospective ||
|-
| non-present || future ||
|-
| rowspan=2| Neutral (Ø marking) || present || present ||
|-
| non-present || oblique ||
|-
|}
====Tense-person marking suffixes====
====Tense-person marking suffixes====
The ''most animate'' agent of the clause (see "Animacy, control, volition") agrees with the verb declined with the ''proximate'' suffix, the ''lesser animate'' with the verb marked with the ''obviate''. This can also be used to mark a change of referent (see "referent anaphora").
=====Proximate suffixes=====
=====Proximate suffixes=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! rowspan=2|Animacy !! rowspan=2|Gender !! rowspan=2|Number !! rowspan=2|Person !! colspan=2| Tense
|-
! Present !! Non-present
|-
| rowspan=16 style="background:LightBlue"|Animate || rowspan=8|Masculine || rowspan=3|S || 1 || -hɯɾ || -hɾam
|-
| 2 || -ɾam || -ɾamat
|-
| 3 || -lit || -liteʃ
|-
| colspan=2|D || -Vl || -Vlɯt
|-
| rowspan=3|P || 1 || -ʃɯt || -ʃtɯɾ
|-
| 2 || -ɾok || -ɾkol
|-
| 3 || -litit || -lteʃ
|-
| colspan=2|4 || -bɯl || -batɯɾ
|-
| rowspan=8|Feminine || rowspan=3|S || 1 || -hɯm || -hmɯɾ
|-
| 2 || -xal || -xlat
|-
| 3 || -lan || -lnaɾ
|-
| colspan=2|D || -Vt || -Vtem
|-
| rowspan=3|P || 1 || -tam || -tmaʃ
|-
| 2 || -xɯl || -tɯleɾ
|-
| 3 || -hoʃ || -hʃol
|-
| colspan=2|4 || -bok || -bilɯɾ
|-
| rowspan=8 style="background:LightBlue"|Inanimate || rowspan=8|Neuter || rowspan=3|S || 1 || -tex || -txet
|-
| 2 || -kol || -klot
|-
| 3 || -leɾ || -lɾeʃ > -lleʃ
|-
| colspan=2|D || -VtVl || -VtVʃ
|-
| rowspan=3|P || 1 || -tot || -tɯɾ
|-
| 2 || -hem || -hmel
|-
| 3 || -kim || -kmiliɾ > -biliɾ
|-
| colspan=2|4 || -bim || -bamal
|-
|}
=====Obviate suffixes=====
=====Obviate suffixes=====
The obviative particle {{sc|obv}} ''-i-/-ĭ-'' is placed between the root and the proximal tense marker. It applies to the second and third person.
This in turn shows the form of the tense suffix that is otherwise opaqued by the sandhi:
::{{sc|prox}} ''mẹnnᴉt'', {{sc|obv}} ''mẹnᴉlᴉt''
::''-lit'' {{sc|3s.masc.pres}}, ''-ilit'' {{sc|3s.masc.pres.obv}}.
====Verbal aspect markers====
====Verbal aspect markers====
.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan=2|Aspect !! Marker
|-
| Perfect || {{sc|perf}} || C₂a-/C₂o-
|-
| Prospective || {{sc|pros}} || C₂ora-/oC₂osa-
|-
| Continuous || {{sc|cont}} || C₂ona-
|-
| Progressive || {{sc|prog}} || C₂ara-
|-
| Gnomic || {{sc|gnom}} || aC₂C₂a-
|-
| Imperfective || {{sc|imper}} || oC₂a-
|-
| Iterative || {{sc|iter}} || toC₂a-
|-
|}
The primary and the secondary aspect markers have historically fused through metaphony and syncope, yielding the following standarized forms:
=====For animate subjects=====
=====For animate subjects=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan=2|Aspect !! colspan=2|Marker
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Perfect !! style="text-align:left"|{{sc|perf.anim}} !! colspan=2 style="text-align:left"|C₂a-
|-
| Per. gnomic || {{sc|perf.gnom.anim}} || C₂a·aC₂C₂a- || C₂aC₂C₂a-
|-
| Per. imperfective || {{sc|perf.imperf.anim}} || C₂a·oC₂a- || C₂aC₂o-
|-
| Per. continuous || {{sc|perf.cont.anim}} || C₂a·C₂ona- || C₂ano-
|-
| Per. progressive || {{sc|perf.prog.anim}} || C₂a·C₂ara- || aC₂ara-
|-
| Per. iterative || {{sc|perf.iter.anim}} || C₂a·toC₂a- || toC₂aC₂a-
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Prospective !! style="text-align:left"|{{sc|pros.anim}} !! colspan=2 style="text-align:left"|C₂ora-
|-
| Pro. gnomic || {{sc|pros.gnom.anim}} || C₂ora·aC₂C₂a- || C₂oC₂C₂ara-
|-
| Pro. imperfective || {{sc|pros.imperf.anim}} || C₂ora·oC₂a- || oC₂C₂a-
|-
| Pro. continuous || {{sc|pros.cont.anim}} || C₂ora·C₂ona- || C₂oC₂a-
|-
| Pro. progressive || {{sc|pros.prog.anim}} || C₂ora·C₂ara- || aC₂oC₂ara-
|-
| Pro. iterative || {{sc|pros.iter.anim}} || C₂ora·toC₂a- || noC₂ora-
|-
|}
=====For inanimate subjects=====
=====For inanimate subjects=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan=2|Aspect !! colspan=2|Marker
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Perfect !! style="text-align:left"|{{sc|perf.inan}} !! colspan=2 style="text-align:left"|C₂o-
|-
| Per. gnomic || {{sc|perf.gnom.inan}} || C₂a·aC₂C₂a- || C₂waC₂C₂a-
|-
| Per. imperfective || {{sc|perf.imperf.inan}} || C₂a·oC₂a- || oC₂C₂a-
|-
| Per. continuous || {{sc|perf.cont.inan}} || C₂a·C₂ona- || C₂ona-
|-
| Per. progressive || {{sc|perf.prog.inan}} || C₂a·C₂ara- || oC₂wara-
|-
| Per. iterative || {{sc|perf.iter.inan}} || C₂o·toC₂a- || otoC₂C₂a-
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Prospective !! style="text-align:left"|{{sc|pros.inan}} !! colspan=2 style="text-align:left"|oC₂osa-
|-
| Pro. gnomic || {{sc|pros.gnom.inan}} || oC₂osa·aC₂C₂a- || oC₂oC₂wara-
|-
| Pro. imperfective || {{sc|pros.imperf.inan}} || oC₂osa·oC₂a- || C₂wasa-
|-
| Pro. continuous || {{sc|pros.cont.inan}} || oC₂osa·C₂ona- || oC₂ona-
|-
| Pro. progressive || {{sc|pros.prog.inan}} || oC₂osa·C₂ara- || oC₂wasa-
|-
| Pro. iterative || {{sc|pros.iter.inan}} || oC₂osa·toC₂a- || toC₂osa-
|-
|}
====Mood marking particles====
====Mood marking particles====
All mood marking particles are postpositional to the verb they modify. Being there no copula for existencial predication, all mood markers modify verbal phrases directly (see below: negation).
=====Special cases=====
=====Special cases=====
i) Counterfactual conditional
The if clause is counterfactual <!-- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfactual_conditional-->
ii) Deliberative mood
A construction similar to a deliberative mood ({{sc|delib}} – sentences of the form ''“should I do X?”'') can be marked by the conflation of the optative mood marker ({{sc|opt}}) ''kŭ'' either 1) with the interrogative mood marker ({{sc|int}}) ''če''; or 2) with the imperative mood marker ({{sc|imp}}) ''kŭ''.
:{|
|-
| {{sc|delib}} ({{sc|int}}+{{sc|opt}}): || ''čekkŭ'' (< če + kŭ)
|-
|
|-
| {{sc|delib}} ({{sc|imp}}+{{sc|opt}}): || ''nakkŭ'' (< na + kŭ)
|-
|}
iii) Desiderative mood (''“wanting to X”'')
<!-- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderative_mood
wants vs seems to want-->
====Participles====
====Participles====
The participial verbal forms are formed with the bare root of the verb, marked with the participial marker {{sc|ppl}} ''aC₂(a)-'' (a modified form of the gnomic aspect marker {{sc|gnom}} ''aC₂C₂a-'') and an epenthetic suffix  ''-i/-ĭ'' that takes over the slot of the person-tense marker. This works as an infinitive participle, and can furtherly be inflected for tense and aspect. The forms of the {{sc|ppl}} fused with the verbal tense structural primary verbal aspects, and most used participles are:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan=5| Marking !! rowspan=2| Conveyed tense
|-
! colspan=2| -3 !! -2 !! 0 !! 2
|-
| 1 || rowspan=3| {{sc|ppl}} '''''aC₂(a)-''''' || {{sc|perfect}} '''''C₂a-/C₂o-''''' || rowspan=3| √{{sc|root}} || {{sc|subject.non-present}} || {{sc|past}}
|-
| 2 || style="text-align:center"| Ø || {{sc|subject.present}} || {{sc|present}}
|-
| 3 || {{sc|prospective}} '''''C₂ora-/oC₂osa-''''' || {{sc|subject.non-present}} || {{sc|future}}
|-
|}
Marked with the forms:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan=2| Participle !! {{sc|ppl}} !! Primary aspect marker !! Person-tense marker !! Participle prefix ''(-3)·(-2)-''
|-
| 1 || Past participle || rowspan=3| ''aC₂(a)-'' || ''C₂a-/C₂o-'' || {{sc|subject.non-present}} || '''''aC₂C₂(V)-'''''
|-
| 2 || Present participle || Ø || {{sc|subject.present}} || '''''aC₂(V)-'''''
|-
| 3 || Future participle || ''C₂ora-/oC₂osa-'' || {{sc|subject.non-present}} || '''''aC₂Vr(V)-'''''
|-
|}
For example:
:{|
|-
| colspan=2| ‹axxamaxi nēr›
|-
| /ˈax.xa.ma.xi || neːɾ/
|-
| {axxa-max-i || ne-er}
|-
| {'''aC₂C₂(V)'''-max-'''i''' || ne-Vr}
|-
| '''{{sc|ppl}}'''-to.cut-'''{{sc|ppl}}''' || trees-{{sc|def.col}}
|-
| colspan=2| ''“the cut trees”''
|-
|}
All other combinations of {{sc|ppl}}+(aspect marker) are also allowed.
====Referent anaphora====
====Referent anaphora====
=====Anaphoric reference shift particle=====
=====Anaphoric reference shift particle=====
The anaphoric marker states that the referent of the verb has changed. <!--It can be __ or is different than that of the most closely before person mentioned.--> This is to avoid the ambiguity of sentences like the following:
:''“Tavar hit Perit. He cried”''
Given a sequence of actions like the one above, performed by actuants (A or S) of the same level of semantically adscribed animaciy, it is necessary to mark wether the sequence of actions (hitting, then crying) belongs to the same referent, or if the referent of the first action is different than that of the latter. To mark that the actuant of the crying, S, is now ''Perit'' (formerly the non-actuant, O, of the hitting), and no longer ''Tavar'' (actuant, A, of the hitting), either the verb itself or the pronoun -most commonly the verb, given the pro-drop feature of the language- is suffixed with one of the following particles:
::{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan=2 style="text-align:left"| Particle
|-
| rowspan=3 style="background:LightBlue"| '''{-Vn, -an, -on} /C_'''  || -Vn > [√a, o]
|-
| -an > [√V<sub>rounded</sub>C]
|-
| -on > [√V<sub>unrounded</sub>C]
|-
| rowspan=3 style="background:LightBlue"| '''{-Vt, -at, -ot} /C_''' || -Vt > [√a, o]
|-
| -at > [√V<sub>rounded</sub>C]
|-
| -ot > [√V<sub>unrounded</sub>C]
|-
| rowspan=3 style="background:LightBlue"| '''{-Vk, -ak, -ok} /C_''' || -Vk > [√a, o]
|-
| -ak > [√V<sub>rounded</sub>C]
|-
| -ok > [√V<sub>unrounded</sub>C]
|-
| rowspan=3 style="background:LightBlue"| '''{-Vs̆, -as̆, -os̆} /C_''' || -Vs̆ > [√a, o]
|-
| -as̆ > [√V<sub>rounded</sub>C]
|-
| -os̆ > [√V<sub>unrounded</sub>C]
|-
|}
This would render the aforementioned sentence (''"Tavar hit Perit. He cried"'') into the unambiguously marked:
:{|
|-
| colspan=6| ''‹anTavar sakĕssiteš tenPerit. Lamma xabaxlitešen›''
|-
| /an.ta.ˈvaɾ || sa.ˈkøs.si.teʃ || ten.pe.ˈɾit || <nowiki>|</nowiki> || ˈlam.ma || xa.ˈbax.li.te.ʃen/
|-
| {an-Tavar || sa-kĕs-siteš || ten-Perit || <nowiki>|</nowiki> || Ø-lam-ma || xa-bax-liteš-'''en'''}
|-
| {an-Tavar || C₂a-kĕs-liteš || tVn-Perit || <nowiki>|</nowiki> || Ø-lam-Ca || C₂a-bax-liteš-Ø-'''Vn'''}
|-
| {{sc|erg.anim.sg}}-Tavar || {{sc|perf}}-to.hit-{{sc|3s.anim.masc.npres}} || {{sc|abs.anim.sg}}-Perit || <nowiki>|</nowiki> || {{sc|nom.anim.sg}}-{{sc|lam}}-{{sc|pron.sg}} || {{sc|perf}}-to.cry-{{sc|3s.anim.masc.npres.ind}}-'''{{sc|shift}}'''
|-
| colspan=6 | ''“Tavar hit Perit. He cried”''
|-
|}
''Tavar'' did the hitting, ''Perit'' the crying.
''
=====Use of the obviate=====
=====Use of the obviate=====
The obviative form of the tense-person marker, used to mark agreement of verbs with the less animate actor of a clause with different actors of the same semanticly adscribed degree of animacy, as it sepparates actors, can be used on its own to mark the shift in referent within a single clause, while the anaphoric reference shift particle can also be used over longer discourse segments.
====Verbal compounding====
Two verbal roots are combined to convey a new meaning (see ''Derivational morphology: Special compositional functions of verbs'').
<!--
===Animacy, control and volition===
===Animacy, control and volition===
===Adjectives and adverbs===
===Adjectives and adverbs===
Line 669: Line 1,055:
====Participles====
====Participles====
====Dative and genitive constructions====
====Dative and genitive constructions====
-->
===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
.
====Derivational affixes====
====Derivational affixes====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan=5| Marker !! rowspan=2| Meaning
|-
! ‹› !! // !! {{sc|gloss}} !! Name !! Slot
|-
| -(i)ti || i.ti || {{sc|agen}} || agentive || || Derives agent nouns from other common nouns or from verbs, denoting someone or something whose role or purpose it is to use the noun (instrumental construction) or to perform or partake in the verb's action.
|-
| -(s)im || sim || {{sc|agen}} || agentive || || The same as ''-(i)ti''. Mostly used for derivation from verbs.
|-
| -(r)in || ɾin || {{sc|agen}} || agentive || || The same as ''-(i)ti''. Mostly used for derivation from other common, but non-agent nouns.
|-
| -Can || [C]an || {{sc|res}} || resultative || || Derives nouns resulting of an action. (e.g. ''mar'' to.carve, ''marran'' carved.item, statue; ''mĕr'' to.write, ''mĕrran'' letter, written symbol)
|-
| y(V)- || j_ || {{sc|nlz}} || nominalizer || || (See ''"Nominalization of a locative adverb"'')
|-
| =la- || la || {{sc|hyl}} || hylic || 1 || Material commonly associated with the noun (e.g. ''-ne-'' trees, ''-ne=la-'' wood)
|-
| -aš || aʃ || {{sc|tool}} || tools || || Tool associated with the verb or noun which it modifies.
|-
<!--
| nŭ- || nu || NEG || negation, || ||
|-
-->
|}
====Compounding====
====Compounding====
=====Genitive compounds=====
=====Genitive compounds=====
Genitive compounds are usually binary structures of elements of the same or different parts of speech, though some tripartite compounds can arise. In binary structures, the first element is the determinatum (head element) of the compound. The following compositions are the most common:
:i) A noun₁+noun₂ compound: will yield a compound noun that pertains both elements.
:ii) A noun+verb compound: will yield a noun after the scheme: [noun]-used.for/used.to-[verb]
:iii) A verb₁+verb₂ compound: will yield a compound verb that pertains both elements
:iv) A verb+noun compound: will yield a verb after the scheme: [verb]>>[noun]
When a noun is the first element in a compound, it will be rendered in its construct state (CS) after the following scheme:
:(1) [√-C] → +V(√) if [√C-] | +V(√)m if [√V-]
:(2) [√-V] → +Ø if [√C-] | +m if [√V-]
<small>
::(1) If the root of noun₁ ends with a consonant, the CS of that root will be either i) √+V(√) if the root of noun₂/verb begins with a consonant or ii) √+V(√)m if it begins with a vowel.
::(2) If the root of noun₁ ends with a vowel, the CS of that root will be either i) √+Ø if the root of noun₂/verb begins with a consonant or ii) √+m if it begins with a vowel.
</small>
The roots of verbs have no CS and the morphemes are subject to regular sandhi phenomena.
Examples:
Composition i) noun₁+noun₂
::{|
|-
| Noun₁: ''ĕl'' /øl/ flesh; CS: ''√''+''V(√)'' → ''ĕlĕ-'' {ĕl=ĕ}
|-
| Noun₂: ''ne'' /ne/ trees {tree:COL}
|-
|
|-
| ''‹ĕlĕne›''
|-
| /ˈø.lø.ne/
|-
| {ĕl=ĕ-ne}
|-
| {flesh=CS-tree:COL}
|-
| ''“tree-flesh; wood”''
|}
Composition ii) noun+verb
::{|
|-
| Noun: ''kaš'' /kaʃ/ sticks {stick:COL}; CS: ''√''+''V(√)'' → ''kaša-'' {kaš=a}
|-
| Verb: ''kĕs'' /køs/ to hit
|-
|
|-
| ''‹kašakĕs›''
|-
| /ˈka.ʃa.køs/
|-
| {kaš=a-kĕs}
|-
| {stick:COL=CS-to.hit}
|-
| ''“hit-sticks; clubs, maces”''
|-
|}
Composition iii) verb₁+verb₂
::{|
|-
| Verb₁: ''mĕn'' /ˈmøn/ to.fly
|-
| Verb₂: ''koteš'' /ko.ˈteʃ/ to.hand.over
|-
|
|-
| ''‹mĕngoteš›''
|-
| /ˈmøn.go.teʃ/
|-
| {mĕn-koteš}
|-
| {to.fly-to.hand.over}
|-
| ''"to fly”'' (transitive)
|-
|}
Composition iv) verb+noun
::{|
|-
| Verb: ''max'' /max/ to.cut
|-
| Noun: ''nela'' /ne.la/ {ne=la} trees-HYL, wood
|-
|
|-
| ''‹maxnela›''
|-
| /ˈmax.ne.la/
|-
| {max-(ne=la)}
|-
| {to.cut-wood}
|-
| ''“to cut wood; woodcutting”''
|-
|}
=====Special compositional functions of verbs=====
=====Special compositional functions of verbs=====
There are some verbs that, being the determinans in a type iii composition (verb₂), act differently than in isolation or as the determinatum of such a composition.
'''- The verbs''' '''''‹kĕs›''''' '''/køs/ to.hit and''' '''''‹huš›''''' '''/ˈhɯʃ/ to.burn.'''
They may both act like intensifiers, either forming new lexemes or acting as intensive aspect marker. The verb ''kĕs'' to.hit is mostly used for motion verbs, the verb ''huš'' to.burn mostly for stative or abstract verbs.
Examples:
'''''to.cleave'''''
:{|
|-
| Verb₁: ''max'' /max/ to.cut
|-
|Verb₂: ''kĕs'' /køs/ to.hit
|-
|
|-
| ''‹mankĕs›''
|-
| /ˈman.køs/
|-
| {max-kĕs}
|-
| {to.cut-to.hit}
|-
| ''“to.cleave”''
|-
|}
'''''to.glare'''''
:{|
|-
|Verb₁: ''ala'' /ˈa.la/ to.see
|-
|Verb₂: ''huš'' /ˈhɯʃ/ to.burn
|-
|
|-
| ''‹alahuš›''
|-
| /ˈa.la.hɯʃ/
|-
| {ala-huš}
|-
| {to.see-to.burn}
|-
| ''“to.glare”''
|-
|}
=====Dative compounds=====
=====Dative compounds=====
Dative compounds are binary structures, mainly nominal compounds that portray some form of possession (dativus possesivus). The elements can be nominal roots or nominalized verbal roots, adjectives and adverbs. The compositions follow the structure noun₁+noun₂, where the first element is the determinatum (head element) of the compound.
The elements of the dative compound are preceded by the pertinent dative case marker DAT depending on the gender and number of the determinatum. Furthermore, the determinatum is suffixed as follows:
:(1) [√-C] → -i if [√C-] | -Ø if [√V-]
:(2) [√-V] → -Ø if [√C-] | -t if [√V-]
::(1) If the root of noun₁ ends with a consonant, then it will be suffixed either with –i/-ĭ if the root of noun₂ begins with a consonant or not suffixed if it begins with a vowel.
::(2) If the root of noun₁ ends with a vowel, then it will be either not suffixed if the root of noun₂ begins with a consonant, or with -t if it begins with a vowel.
The determinatum suffix is glossed with DS (“determinatum suffix”). The morphemes are then subject to regular sandhi phenomena.
This kind of “triple” marking of the dererminatum (syntactically, through the position in the compound, and morphologically, through prefixation of DAT and suffixation as described above) allows that one of the two morphological ones can be dropped, most typically the DAT prefixation. As the compound attained through a dative of possession can be treated as a noun, this allows for the absolutive case marker ABS to be attached directly to the determinatum instead of to the DAT.
Examples:
'''''-C·C-'''''
''Regular form''
:{| class=""wikitable
|-
| {{cardosmall|BALMARAX NELEMER}}
|-
| bVl-mar-Vx nelem-Vr Ø
|-
| DAT.SG.INAN-hills-SG.DET forests-COL.DET-IND
|-
| “to the hill, there are forests” > “the hill has forests”
|-
| The forests of the hill
|-
|}
''Compound form''
:{| class=""wikitable
|-
| {{cardosmall|BALLARINELEM}}
|-
| bVl-mar-i-nelem-Ø
|-
| DAT.SG.INAN-hills-DS-forests-COL.DET-IND
|-
| “to the hill, there are forests” > “the hill has forests”
|-
| The forests of the hill
|-
|}
''Regular form''
:{| class=""wikitable
|-
| {{cardosmall|BALMARAX NĒR}}
|-
| bVl-mar-Vx ne-Vr Ø
|-
| DAT.SG.INAN-hills-SG.DET trees-COL.DET-IND
|-
| “to the hill, there are trees” > “the hill has trees”
|-
| The trees of the hill
|-
|}
''Compound form''
:{| class=""wikitable
|-
| {{cardosmall|BALLARINE}}
|-
| bVl-mar-i-ne-Ø
|-
| DAT.SG.INAN-hills-DS-trees-IND
|-
| “to the hill, there are trees” > “the hill has trees”
|-
| The trees of the hill
|-
|}
<!--
-V·V-
Regular form
Compound form
-->
This kind of compounding is also used to form many words referring to places where something is made or found. This takes different general descriptive words for different kinds of places as determiners in the DEF.SING form. For buildings, it takes the word house, en. For open spaces, it takes the word field, bĕ.
For instance, ‘bakery’ would be '''''bŭllŭkenex''''' {bVl-vŭk-Ø-en-Vx}, literally “to breads, the house”. <!--Also, the word for ‘_______{something with field}’ would be '''''__bẹ̄x''''' {(dat)-_-(DS)-bĕ-Vx}, literally “”. -->Furthermore, the word for arsenal or armory, both “weapon storage” and “weapon manufacture”, would be '''''balgašenex''''' {bVl-kaša(s̆)-Ø-en-Vx}, literally “to weapons, the house”<!--; this could then be furtherly disambiguated using either __{to.store-weapon=DS-…} for the manufacture or __{to.make-weapon=DS-…} for the storage--> (SEE NOUN-VERB COMPOUNDS).
====Nominalization====
====Nominalization====
NLZ
‹y(V)-›
/j_/
{jV-}
=====Nominalization of a verb=====
=====Nominalization of a verb=====
A verb can be nominalized through the reduplication of the verbal root, which undergoes a mutation of its onset. Regular sandhi rules also apply to this forms. This yields a noun that is an instance of the action conveyed by the verb. This compositions take the following forms:
'''Replacement of the first consonant through /m/ in the iteration''': [√-C], [√-V] → √C·{C>m}V-
-fricative
:''kĕs'' to.hit _________ ''kĕsmĕs'' strikes
:''max'' to.cut ________ ''maxmax'' cuts
-nasal
:''vun'' to.grow _______ ''vunnun'' (<''vunmun'') growth
:''mĕn'' to.fly ________ ''mĕnnĕn'' (<''mĕnmĕn'') flights
-liquid
:''mŭr'' to.(be).ill ______ ''mŭrmŭr'' illnesses
:''bul'' to.go __________ ''bullul'' (<''bulmul'') ways
-vowel
:''reta'' to.eat _______ ''retama'' (''retam’a'' < ''retameta'') meals
'''Lenition of stops''': [√-C], [√-V] → √C·{C+lenition}V-
-nasal
-liquid
-vowel
:''vun'' to.grow _______ ''vunnun'' (<''vunmun'') growth
'''Epenthesis of /b/''': VC roots → VC·{b}·VC
:''ĕl'' to.__ _________ ''ĕppĕl'' (<''ĕlbĕl'') ___
:''on'' to.__ _________ ''ommon'' (<''onbon'') ___
:''ŭr'' to.speak _______ ''ŭrbŭr'' speech
:''ala'' to.perceive ________ ''alabal(a)''
Verbs that are already composite are normally nominalized with the prefixation of the nominalizer NLZ y(V)- to this same effect.
=====Nominalization of a locative adverb=====
=====Nominalization of a locative adverb=====
A locative (essive) adverbs can be nominalized with use of the nominalizer prefix NLZ y(Y)-. In contrast to what happens with locative and lative adverbs on their own, nominalized locative adverbs can be modified by grammatical case and become the theme (T) or object (O) of a sentence
<!-- -2 -1 0 1 2 3
NLZ GRAMMATICAL CASE √ DEICTIC DETERMINER QUANTIFIER ADVERB (LOCATIVE/LATIVE)
+ + + +
NOMINALIZATION OF A LOCATIVE ADVERB
NLZ PART ABS ACC DAT
+ + + +
-->
:E.g.:
:{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''‹nekilixtir›'' || {{pipe}} || ''‹yenekilixtir›''
|-
| /ˈne.ki.lix.tiɾ/ || {{pipe}} || /je.ˈne.ki.lix.tiɾ/
|-
| {ne·kil·Vx·tVr} || {{pipe}} || {yV·ne·kil·Vx·tVr}
|-
| tree-SUP-DET.PL-SOME || {{pipe}} || NLZ-tree-SUP-DET.PL-SOME
|-
| "on top of some trees" || {{pipe}} || "the top of some trees"
|-
|}
From wich, for instance:
:{| class=""wikitable
|-
| colspan=2| ''‹xomaxram yēkennekilixtir›''
|-
| colspan=2| /xo.ˈma.xɾam ˈjeː.ken.ne.ki.ˌlix.tiɾ/
|-
| colspan=2| { xo·max·ram ye·eken·ne·kil·ix·tir}
|-
| {C₂o max-hɾam || {{pipe}}yV·VkVn·ne·kil·Vx·tVr}
|-
| PER.ANIM-to.cut-NPR.ANIM.MASC.1S || {{pipe}}NLZ-ABS.INAN.PL-tree-SUP-DET.PL-SOME
|-
| colspan=2| "I (masc.) cut (past) the top of some trees"
|-
|}
====Hypocoristics====
====Hypocoristics====
Some hypocoristics have since been lexicalized (e.g. yĕmĕr writing, yĕmĕrĭš “little writing” > letter)
<!--To convey an aversive case and it’s opposite http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aversive_case-->
=====Diminutives=====
=====Diminutives=====
-iš/-ĭš
=====Augmentatives=====
=====Augmentatives=====
-(h)kur/-(h)kŭr
<!--
=====Superlatives=====
=====Superlatives=====
-->
<!--
===Negation===
===Negation===
====Use of the negative mood marker NEG xe====
====Use of the negative mood marker NEG xe====
Line 691: Line 1,487:
===Discourse particles===
===Discourse particles===
===Numerals===
===Numerals===
 
-->
==SYNTAX==
==SYNTAX==


Line 720: Line 1,516:
<br/>
<br/>
Citation forms:
Citation forms:
<!--
 
'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;
'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;


Line 726: Line 1,522:


'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.
'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.
-->
==Leipzig-Jakarta list==


Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in [] have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. <!--For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.-->
<!--===Leipzig-Jakarta list===
<!--
 
Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in [LANGUAGENAME] have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, [LOCALIZED EXAMPLE: the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand'']. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the [LANGUAGENAME] lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| LANGUAGENAME
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|ant || ||  
|-
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|arm || ||  
|-
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|hand || ||  
|-
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|ash || ||  
|-
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|back || ||  
|-
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|big || ||  
|-
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|bird || ||  
|-
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|to bite || ||  
|-
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|bitter || ||  
|-
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|black || ||  
|-
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|blood || ||  
|-
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|to blow || ||  
|-
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|bone || ||  
|-
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|breast || ||  
|-
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|to burn (intransitive) || ||  
|-
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|to carry || ||  
|-
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|child (reciprocal of parent) || ||  
|-
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|to come || ||  
|-
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|to crush/to grind || ||  
|-
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|to cry/to weep || ||  
|-
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|to do/to make || ||  
|-
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|dog || ||  
|-
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|to drink || ||  
|-
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|ear || ||  
|-
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|to eat || ||  
|-
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|egg || ||  
|-
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|eye || ||  
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|-
|to fall ||  ||  
|to fall ||  ||  
|-
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|far || ||  
|-
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|fire || ||  
|-
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|fish || ||  
|-
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|flesh/meat || ||  
|-
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|fly || ||  
|-
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|to give || ||  
|-
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|to go || ||  
|-
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|good || ||  
|-
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|hair (human) || ||  
|-
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|hard || ||  
|-
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|he/she || ||  
|-
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|it || ||  
|-
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|him/her || ||  
|-
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|to hear || ||  
|-
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|heavy || ||  
|-
|-
|to hide (intransitive) ||  ||  
|to hide (intransitive) ||  ||  
|-
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|to hit || ||  
|-
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|to beat || ||  
|-
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|horn || ||  
|-
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|house || ||  
|-
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|I || ||  
|-
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|me || ||  
|-
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|in || ||  
|-
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|knee || ||  
|-
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|to know || ||  
|-
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|to laugh || ||  
|-
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|leaf || ||  
|-
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|leg || ||  
|-
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|foot || ||  
|-
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|liver || ||  
|-
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|long || ||  
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|-
|louse ||  ||  
|louse ||  ||  
|-
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|mouth || ||  
|-
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|name || ||  
|-
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|navel || ||  
|-
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|neck || ||  
|-
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|new || ||  
|-
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|night || ||  
|-
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|nose || ||  
|-
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|not || ||  
|-
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|old || ||  
|-
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|one || ||  
|-
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|rain || ||  
|-
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|red || ||  
|-
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|root || ||  
|-
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|rope || ||  
|-
|-
|to run ||  ||  
|to run ||  ||  
Line 901: Line 1,693:
|shade/shadow ||  ||  
|shade/shadow ||  ||  
|-
|-
|skin (human) ||  ||  
|skin ||  ||  
|-
|-
|hide ||  ||  
|hide ||  ||  
Line 931: Line 1,723:
|thigh ||  ||  
|thigh ||  ||  
|-
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) ||  ||  
|this ||  ||  
|-
|-
|to tie ||  ||  
|to tie ||  ||  
Line 955: Line 1,747:
|yesterday ||  ||  
|yesterday ||  ||  
|-
|-
|you (singular, NOM) ||  ||  
|you ||  ||  
|-
|-
|}
|}
-->


<!--
=Orthography=
==Swadesh list==
 
{{swadesh
|nativename        =
|language          =
|I                =
|you (singular)    =
|he                =
|we                =
|you (plural)      =
|they              =
|this              =
|that              =
|here              =
|there            =
|who              =
|what              =
|where            =
|when              =
|how              =
|not              =
|all              =
|many              =
|some              =
|few              =
|other            =
|one              =
|two              =
|three            =
|four              =
|five              =
|big              =
|long              =
|wide              =
|thick            =
|heavy            =
|small            =
|short            =
|narrow            =
|thin              =
|woman            =
|man (adult male)  =
|man (human being) =
|child            =
|wife              =
|husband          =
|mother            =
|father            =
|animal            =
|fish              =
|bird              =
|dog              =
|louse            =
|snake            =
|worm              =
|tree              =
|forest            =
|stick            =
|fruit            =
|seed              =
|leaf              =
|root              =
|bark              =
|flower            =
|grass            =
|rope              =
|skin              =
|meat              =
|blood            =
|bone              =
|fat              =
|egg              =
|horn              =
|tail              =
|feather          =
|hair              =
|head              =
|ear              =
|eye              =
|nose              =
|mouth            =
|tooth            =
|tongue            =
|fingernail        =
|foot              =
|leg              =
|knee              =
|hand              =
|wing              =
|belly            =
|guts              =
|neck              =
|back              =
|breast            =
|heart            =
|liver            =
|drink            =
|eat              =
|bite              =
|suck              =
|spit              =
|vomit            =
|blow              =
|breathe          =
|laugh            =
|see              =
|know              =
|think            =
|smell            =
|fear              =
|sleep            =
|live              =
|die              =
|kill              =
|fight            =
|hunt              =
|hit              =
|cut              =
|split            =
|stab              =
|scratch          =
|dig              =
|swim              =
|fly              =
|walk              =
|come              =
|lie              =
|sit              =
|stand            =
|turn              =
|fall              =
|give              =
|hold              =
|squeeze          =
|rub              =
|wash              =
|wipe              =
|pull              =
|push              =
|throw            =
|tie              =
|sew              =
|count            =
|say              =
|sing              =
|play              =
|float            =
|flow              =
|freeze            =
|swell            =
|sun              =
|moon              =
|star              =
|water            =
|rain              =
|river            =
|lake              =
|sea              =
|salt              =
|stone            =
|sand              =
|dust              =
|earth            =
|cloud            =
|fog              =
|sky              =
|wind              =
|snow              =
|ice              =
|smoke            =
|fire              =
|ash              =
|burn              =
|road              =
|mountain          =
|red              =
|green            =
|yellow            =
|white            =
|black            =
|night            =
|day              =
|year              =
|warm              =
|cold              =
|full              =
|new              =
|old              =
|good              =
|bad              =
|rotten            =
|dirty            =
|straight          =
|round            =
|sharp            =
|dull              =
|smooth            =
|wet              =
|dry              =
|correct          =
|near              =
|far              =
|right            =
|left              =
|at                =
|in                =
|with              =
|and              =
|if                =
|because          =
|name              =
|languagecount    = 1
}}
-->
-->
=Orthography=


=Samples=
=Samples=
<!--
==Sentences==
==Sentences==
==Example of verb conjugation paradigms==
==Example of verb conjugation paradigms==
-->
==Words:==
==Words:==


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[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]
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