Aeranir: Difference between revisions

86 bytes removed ,  26 September 2019
no edit summary
No edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name = ''Aeranir''
| name = ''Aeranir''
| altname = ''coeñar indëris''
| altname = ''coeñar inderis''
|-
|-
| nativename = ''coeñar aerānir''
| nativename = ''coeñar aerānir''
| pronunciation =  [ˈcøː.ɲar ˈɪ̃n..rɪs̠],<br> [ˈcøː.ɲar ɛːˈraː.nɪr]
| pronunciation =  [ˈcøː.ɲar ˈɪ̃n..rɪs̠],<br> [ˈcøː.ɲar ɛːˈraː.nɪr]
|-
|-
|creator=Limius
|creator=Limius
Line 23: Line 23:
}}
}}


'''Aeranir''', also known as '''coeñar aerānir''' (''language of the Aerans''), or '''coeñar indëris''' (''language of the capital''), is an Iscaric language in the [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian language group]].  It was originally spoken by the [[Aerans]], developed in the deserts of Northern [[Iscaria]] in the city of [[Telrhamir]], and spread with the expanse of the [[Aeranid Empire]] throughout [[Ephenia]], as well as parts of [[Eubora]] and [[Syra]].  It later developed into the Aeranid languages, such as [[Dalot]], [[Ilesse]], [[Iscariano]], [[Îredese]], [[S'entigneis]], and [[Tevrés]].  It is still used throughout Ephenia as a language of theology, science, medicine, literature, and law.
'''Aeranir''', also known as '''coeñar aerānir''' (''language of the Aerans''), or '''coeñar inderis''' (''language of the capital''), is an Iscaric language in the [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian language group]].  It was originally spoken by the [[Aerans]], developed in the deserts of Northern [[Iscaria]] in the city of [[Telrhamir]], and spread with the expanse of the [[Aeranid Empire]] throughout [[Ephenia]], as well as parts of [[Eubora]] and [[Syra]].  It later developed into the Aeranid languages, such as [[Dalot]], [[Ilesse]], [[Iscariano]], [[Îredese]], [[S'entigneis]], and [[Tevrés]].  It is still used throughout Ephenia as a language of theology, science, medicine, literature, and law.


Aeranir had been standardised into Classical Aeranir by the time of the Early Empire, around the second millennia <small>[[New Imperial Age|BNIA]]</small> by the writer and educator Limius.  The period before that is generally referred to as Old Aeranir.  The language spoken between the 15th and 12th centuries <small>[[New Imperial Age|BNIA]]</small> is generally referred to Late Aeranir.  This shift is marked by several grammatical and phonetic shifts.  After that period, Aeranir began to splinter off into the various Aeranid languages.  A form of Classical Aeranir called New Aeranir or Medieval Aeranir remained in use in official writings even after this period.
Aeranir had been standardised into Classical Aeranir by the time of the Early Empire, around the second millennia <small>[[New Imperial Age|BNIA]]</small> by the writer and educator Limius.  The period before that is generally referred to as Old Aeranir.  The language spoken between the 15th and 12th centuries <small>[[New Imperial Age|BNIA]]</small> is generally referred to Late Aeranir.  This shift is marked by several grammatical and phonetic shifts.  After that period, Aeranir began to splinter off into the various Aeranid languages.  A form of Classical Aeranir called New Aeranir or Medieval Aeranir remained in use in official writings even after this period.
Line 37: Line 37:
===Classical Aeranir===
===Classical Aeranir===


A standardised form of the language arouse in the time of the Early Empire, created conciously by the prominent grammarians, writers, and orators of the time.  This formed the basis of what was taught in the Telrhamiran ''[[Aeranir_Lexicon#ax.C4.93s|axēs]]'' system.  One of the most prominent of these figures was Limius (who was known in their day as ''Lēctïca Prīstus Limius Vestil Oscānus Fellëntīmā Motā Soniae'') who is credited with first marking diminished vowels in writing.
A standardised form of the language arouse in the time of the Early Empire, created conciously by the prominent grammarians, writers, and orators of the time.  This formed the basis of what was taught in the Telrhamiran ''[[Aeranir_Lexicon#ax.C4.93s|axēs]]'' system.  One of the most prominent of these figures was Limius (who was known in their day as ''Lēctica Prīstus Limius Vestil Oscānus Fellentīmā Motā Soniae'') who is credited with first marking diminished vowels in writing.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 212: Line 212:
| i • ī<br>/ɪ/ • /iː/
| i • ī<br>/ɪ/ • /iː/
| y • ȳ<br>/ʏ/ • /yː/
| y • ȳ<br>/ʏ/ • /yː/
| ï ü<br>/ɨ/ • /ʉ/
| i u<br>/ɨ/ • /ʉ/
| u • ū<br>/ʊ/ • /uː/
| u • ū<br>/ʊ/ • /uː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
Line 218: Line 218:
| ē<br>/eː/
| ē<br>/eː/
| oe<br>/øː/
| oe<br>/øː/
| rowspan="2" | ö<br>/ɵ/
| rowspan="2" | o<br>/ɵ/
| ō<br>/oː/
| ō<br>/oː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
Line 227: Line 227:
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
! Open
| ä, ë<br>/æ/
| a, e<br>/æ/
| colspan="2" | a • ā<br>/a/ • /aː/
| colspan="2" | a • ā<br>/a/ • /aː/
|}
|}
Line 250: Line 250:
| e<br>/e/
| e<br>/e/
| (œ)<br>(/ø/)
| (œ)<br>(/ø/)
| rowspan="2" | ä, ë<br>/ə/
| rowspan="2" | a, e<br>/ə/
| o<br>/o/
| o<br>/o/
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
Line 265: Line 265:
|}
|}
====Notes on vowels====
====Notes on vowels====
* Orthographic ''ä'' and ''ë'' represent the same sound, the ultra short front open vowel [æ].  The difference is that velar consonants before ''ë'' are palatalised, whilst they are maintained before ''ä''.
* Orthographic ''a'' and ''e'' represent the same sound, the ultra short front open vowel [æ].  The difference is that velar consonants before ''e'' are palatalised, whilst they are maintained before ''a''.
* The short high rounded vowel /ʏ/ is a loan from [[Dalitian]], and is not found in any native words, or words dating back to Old Aeranir.  It is usually realised as [ɪ], and is only rounded in educated speech.
* The short high rounded vowel /ʏ/ is a loan from [[Dalitian]], and is not found in any native words, or words dating back to Old Aeranir.  It is usually realised as [ɪ], and is only rounded in educated speech.
* The vowels /ɨ/, /ʉ/, /æ/, and /ɵ/ are technically reduced allophones of full /ɪ/, /ʊ/, /ɛ/, and /ɔ/ in non-stressed word internal syllables.  They cannot occure outside of these contraints.  However, Aeranid grammaticians considered them to be separate sounds, and wrote them differently, so they are distinguished in this chart. They were also devoiced between [[w:Voicelessness|voiceless consonants]], and assimilated to preceeding [[w:Soronant|sonorants]], creating long soronants.
* The vowels /ɨ/, /ʉ/, /æ/, and /ɵ/ are technically reduced allophones of full /ɪ/, /ʊ/, /ɛ/, and /ɔ/ in non-stressed word internal syllables.  They cannot occure outside of these contraints.  However, Aeranid grammaticians considered them to be separate sounds, and wrote them differently, so they are distinguished in this chart. They were also devoiced between [[w:Voicelessness|voiceless consonants]], and assimilated to preceeding [[w:Soronant|sonorants]], creating long soronants.
Line 386: Line 386:
* [[w:Vocative case|Vocative]]: '''''rēs iō!''''': 'o king!'
* [[w:Vocative case|Vocative]]: '''''rēs iō!''''': 'o king!'
* [[w:Essive case|Essive]]: '''''seū rēnū''''': 'as this king'
* [[w:Essive case|Essive]]: '''''seū rēnū''''': 'as this king'
* [[w:Instrumental case|Instrumental]]: '''''seōrun rēnërun''''': 'using this king'
* [[w:Instrumental case|Instrumental]]: '''''seōrun rēnerun''''': 'using this king'
* [[w:Genitive case|Genitive]]: '''''sī rēnis''''': 'of this king'
* [[w:Genitive case|Genitive]]: '''''sī rēnis''''': 'of this king'
* [[w:Dative case|Dative]]: '''''seō rēnī''''': 'to/for this king'
* [[w:Dative case|Dative]]: '''''seō rēnī''''': 'to/for this king'
Line 428: Line 428:
| '''''-ar'''''
| '''''-ar'''''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential<br>'''''söniāmus'''''
! rowspan="3" | Existential<br>'''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''salvau''
| ''salvau''
Line 436: Line 436:
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''sälvārun''
| ''salvārun''
| '''''-ārun'''''
| '''''-ārun'''''
| ''salvōs''
| ''salvōs''
Line 444: Line 444:
| ''salvae''
| ''salvae''
| '''''-ae'''''
| '''''-ae'''''
| ''sälvābus''
| ''salvābus''
| '''''-ābus'''''
| '''''-ābus'''''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive<br>'''''sätūmus'''''
! rowspan="3" | Directive<br>'''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''salvō''
| ''salvō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''sälvāna''
| ''salvāna''
| '''''-āna'''''
| '''''-āna'''''
|-
|-
Line 512: Line 512:
| '''''-ur'''''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential<br>'''''söniāmus'''''
! rowspan="3" | Existential<br>'''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''bernū''
| ''bernū''
Line 524: Line 524:
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''bërnōrun''
| ''bernōrun''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| ''bernōs''
| ''bernōs''
Line 536: Line 536:
| ''bernī''
| ''bernī''
| '''''-ī'''''
| '''''-ī'''''
| ''bërnōbus''
| ''bernōbus''
| '''''-ōbus'''''
| '''''-ōbus'''''
| ''nātlī''
| ''nātlī''
Line 543: Line 543:
| '''''-ōbus'''''
| '''''-ōbus'''''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive<br>'''''sätūmus'''''
! rowspan="3" | Directive<br>'''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''bernō''
| ''bernō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''bërnōna''
| ''bernōna''
| '''''-ōna'''''
| '''''-ōna'''''
| ''nātlō''
| ''nātlō''
Line 603: Line 603:
! Nominative
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | '''''aecū'''''
| rowspan="2" | '''''aecū'''''
| rowspan="2" | ''''
| rowspan="2" | ''te''
| rowspan="2" | '''''eōs'''''
| rowspan="2" | '''''eōs'''''
| rowspan="2" | ''ī''
| rowspan="2" | ''ī''
| rowspan="2" | '''''henae'''''
| rowspan="2" | '''''henae'''''
| rowspan="2" | ''''
| rowspan="2" | ''ne''
| rowspan="2" | '''''ȥōs'''''
| rowspan="2" | '''''ȥōs'''''
| rowspan="2" | ''ȥë''
| rowspan="2" | ''ȥe''
| rowspan="3" | '''''cē'''''
| rowspan="3" | '''''cē'''''
| rowspan="3" | ''''
| rowspan="3" | ''ce''
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
Line 617: Line 617:
! Accusative
! Accusative
| '''''tē'''''
| '''''tē'''''
| ''tïs''
| ''tis''
| '''''eon'''''
| '''''eon'''''
| ''īs''
| ''īs''
| '''''nē'''''
| '''''nē'''''
| ''nïs''
| ''nis''
| '''''ȥon'''''
| '''''ȥon'''''
|''ȥïs''
|''ȥis''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Existential<br>''söniāmus''
! rowspan="2" | Existential<br>''soniāmus''
! Essive
! Essive
| '''''tōs'''''
| '''''tōs'''''
Line 645: Line 645:
| '''''cī'''''
| '''''cī'''''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Directive<br>''sätūmus''
! rowspan="2" | Directive<br>''satūmus''
! Dative
! Dative
| '''''tibī'''''
| '''''tibī'''''
Line 664: Line 664:
===Conjugation===
===Conjugation===
====Agreement====
====Agreement====
[[File:Dga pyramid.png|thumb|250px|right|The ''DGA pyramid'', originally developed by u/Darkgamma, 2018. ''[https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/ The Total Cacophony of Bäladiri Verb Agreement and Argument Assignment]''.]]
[[File:Dga pyramid.png|thumb|250px|right|The ''DGA pyramid'', originally developed by u/Darkgamma, 2018. ''[https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_baladiri_verb_agreement/ The Total Cacophony of Baladiri Verb Agreement and Argument Assignment]''.]]
Verbs in Aeranir are conjugated to agree with the [[w:Grammatical number|number]], the [[w:Grammatical person|person]], and in the third person singular, the [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]] of the most oblique argument given a word's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]], as defined by the ''DGA pyramid''<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/</ref>.  Here, '''S''' represents the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], such as 'the person' in 'the person laughed.'  '''A''' represents the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]] (also occasually called the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]), or the person or thing that does the action of the verb, such as 'the child' in 'the child reads the book.'  '''D''' marks the donor, a special type of agent, who gives something or does a the action of a verb for the benefit of another, such as ‘the senator’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’  These are collectively called the '''nominative argument''', and are expressed usually with the [[w:Nominative case|nominative case]], but also occasionally with the [[w:Genitive case|genitive case]] in dependant clauses.
Verbs in Aeranir are conjugated to agree with the [[w:Grammatical number|number]], the [[w:Grammatical person|person]], and in the third person singular, the [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]] of the most oblique argument given a word's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]], as defined by the ''DGA pyramid''<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_baladiri_verb_agreement/</ref>.  Here, '''S''' represents the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], such as 'the person' in 'the person laughed.'  '''A''' represents the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]] (also occasually called the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]), or the person or thing that does the action of the verb, such as 'the child' in 'the child reads the book.'  '''D''' marks the donor, a special type of agent, who gives something or does a the action of a verb for the benefit of another, such as ‘the senator’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’  These are collectively called the '''nominative argument''', and are expressed usually with the [[w:Nominative case|nominative case]], but also occasionally with the [[w:Genitive case|genitive case]] in dependant clauses.


'''P''' represents the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the person or thing towhich the verb is done, also called the '''direct object''', such as ‘the book’ in ‘the child reads the book.’  '''T''' represents the '''theme''', or the object that is given to someone or something, such as ‘the milk’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’  These two roles make up the '''accusative argument''', which is marked with the [[w:Accusative case|accusative case]].  Finally, '''R''' represents the '''recipient''', or the person who recieves the theme from the donor, or benefits from the donor's action, with a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]], also commonly called the '''indirect object''', such as 'the cat' in 'the senator gave the cate some milk.'
'''P''' represents the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the person or thing towhich the verb is done, also called the '''direct object''', such as ‘the book’ in ‘the child reads the book.’  '''T''' represents the '''theme''', or the object that is given to someone or something, such as ‘the milk’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’  These two roles make up the '''accusative argument''', which is marked with the [[w:Accusative case|accusative case]].  Finally, '''R''' represents the '''recipient''', or the person who recieves the theme from the donor, or benefits from the donor's action, with a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]], also commonly called the '''indirect object''', such as 'the cat' in 'the senator gave the cate some milk.'


Aeranir verbs conjugate their endings to agree with the most oblique argument in a clause.  That means the '''subject''' of an '''intransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''claud<u>iȥ</u>'''''; '<u>I</u> laugh'), the '''patient''' of a '''transitive verb''' (e.g. '''''aug<u>en</u>'''''; 'I look at <u>you</u>'), or the '''recipient''' of a '''ditransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''ȥav<u>ī</u>ȥë salvae'''''; 'you all gave <u>me</u> the books').  It should be noted that a verb in the [[w:Active voice|active voice]] must always have the maximum number of arguments according to its inherent transitivity.  This means, for example, that one can never say 'John eats.'  Because 'to eat' is transitive, there must be a patient, or direct object, e.g. 'John eats food.'  However, there are a number of valancy dropping operations available in Aeranir to allow various arguments to be dropped, which are discussed in the section on [[w:Voice (grammar)|voice]].
Aeranir verbs conjugate their endings to agree with the most oblique argument in a clause.  That means the '''subject''' of an '''intransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''claud<u>iȥ</u>'''''; '<u>I</u> laugh'), the '''patient''' of a '''transitive verb''' (e.g. '''''aug<u>en</u>te'''''; 'I look at <u>you</u>'), or the '''recipient''' of a '''ditransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''ȥav<u>ī</u>ȥe salvae'''''; 'you all gave <u>me</u> the books').  It should be noted that a verb in the [[w:Active voice|active voice]] must always have the maximum number of arguments according to its inherent transitivity.  This means, for example, that one can never say 'John eats.'  Because 'to eat' is transitive, there must be a patient, or direct object, e.g. 'John eats food.'  However, there are a number of valancy dropping operations available in Aeranir to allow various arguments to be dropped, which are discussed in the section on [[w:Voice (grammar)|voice]].


Additional arguments can be expressed with [[w:Clitic|pronominal clitics]] attached to the end of a verb in independant clauses and to the beginning in dependant ones (e.g.'''''augen<u></u>'''''; '<u>I</u> look at you,' '''''ȥāvī<u>ȥë</u> salvae'''''; '<u>you all</u> gave me the books'), however these are not considered part of a verbs conjugation, and are optional, especially if the information can be assumed or is known between speakers.
Additional arguments can be expressed with [[w:Clitic|pronominal clitics]] attached to the end of a verb in independant clauses and to the beginning in dependant ones (e.g.'''''augen<u>te</u>'''''; '<u>I</u> look at you,' '''''ȥāvī<u>ȥe</u> salvae'''''; '<u>you all</u> gave me the books'), however these are not considered part of a verbs conjugation, and are optional, especially if the information can be assumed or is known between speakers.


====Number of Conjugations====
====Number of Conjugations====
Line 770: Line 770:
| ''-is''
| ''-is''
| ''-is''
| ''-is''
| ''-ërur''
| ''-erur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ëre''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ere''
| ''-ēlārur''
| ''-ēlārur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ēlāre''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ēlāre''
Line 784: Line 784:
| ''-ī''
| ''-ī''
| ''-e''
| ''-e''
| ''-ërur''
| ''-erur''
| ''-ēlārur''
| ''-ēlārur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="5" | Plural
! rowspan="5" | Plural
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
| ''-ïmus''
| ''-imus''
| ''-ïme''
| ''-ime''
| ''-ïmur''
| ''-imur''
| ''-ïmur''
| ''-imur''
| ''-ēlāmur''
| ''-ēlāmur''
| ''-ēlāme''
| ''-ēlāme''
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
| ''-ïtis''
| ''-itis''
| ''-ïte''
| ''-ite''
| rowspan="2" | ''-ïtur''
| rowspan="2" | ''-itur''
| rowspan="2" | ''-ïtur''
| rowspan="2" | ''-itur''
| rowspan="2" | ''-ēlātur''
| rowspan="2" | ''-ēlātur''
| rowspan="2" | ''-ēlāte''
| rowspan="2" | ''-ēlāte''
Line 928: Line 928:
| → ''-ī''
| → ''-ī''
|-
|-
! ''-ïmus''  
! ''-imus''  
| → ''-āmus''
| → ''-āmus''
| → ''-ēmus''
| → ''-ēmus''
Line 962: Line 962:
:::'''''{{term|saepiȥ}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepuī''''' ("they cut me")
:::'''''{{term|saepiȥ}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepuī''''' ("they cut me")
:*Attachment of the suffix after base thematic vowel.
:*Attachment of the suffix after base thematic vowel.
:::'''''{{term|praeffiliaȥ}}''''' ("they are paying me") → '''''praeffïliāvī''''' ("they payed me")
:::'''''{{term|praeffiliaȥ}}''''' ("they are paying me") → '''''praeffiliāvī''''' ("they payed me")
:::'''''{{term|augeȥ}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''augēvī''''' ("they looked at me")
:::'''''{{term|augeȥ}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''augēvī''''' ("they looked at me")
:*No suffix; perfective endings attached directly to the stem, with root vowel lengthening.
:*No suffix; perfective endings attached directly to the stem, with root vowel lengthening.
Line 1,021: Line 1,021:
|'This job seems difficult.'}}
|'This job seems difficult.'}}


{{interlinear| number=2.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''moeiea oscülan zatū salva.''
{{interlinear| number=2.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''moeiea osculan zatū salva.''
| moei-'''ea''' oscül-an ȥat-ū salv-a
| moei-'''ea''' oscul-an ȥat-ū salv-a
| please-'''SUBJ.3SG.C''' Little.Oscus-ACC.SG gift-ESS.SG book-NOM.SG
| please-'''SUBJ.3SG.C''' Little.Oscus-ACC.SG gift-ESS.SG book-NOM.SG
|'Little Oscus may like a book as a gift.'}}
|'Little Oscus may like a book as a gift.'}}
Line 1,028: Line 1,028:
The subjunctive may also be used as the '''optative subjunctive''', expressing what the speaker wishes may happen, or wishes had happened.  These expresses a weaker or more generalised desire, as opposed to the desiderative mood.  Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.
The subjunctive may also be used as the '''optative subjunctive''', expressing what the speaker wishes may happen, or wishes had happened.  These expresses a weaker or more generalised desire, as opposed to the desiderative mood.  Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.


{{interlinear| number=3.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''ciāvis mū seus indërī bernus!''
{{interlinear| number=3.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''ciāvis mū seus inderī bernus!''
| c-'''iāvis''' mū se-us indër-ī bern-us  
| c-'''iāvis''' mū se-us inder-ī bern-us  
| come-'''PFV.SUBJ.3SG.T''' NEG this-T.NOM.SG capital-DAT.SG storm-NOM.SG
| come-'''PFV.SUBJ.3SG.T''' NEG this-T.NOM.SG capital-DAT.SG storm-NOM.SG
|'If only this storm hadn't come to the capital!'}}
|'If only this storm hadn't come to the capital!'}}
Line 1,055: Line 1,055:


* '''''aed<u>aȥ</u>''''' 'they love <u>me</u>' (''active'') → '''''aed<u>or</u>''''' '<u>I</u> love' (''middle'')
* '''''aed<u>aȥ</u>''''' 'they love <u>me</u>' (''active'') → '''''aed<u>or</u>''''' '<u>I</u> love' (''middle'')
* '''''leg<u>is</u>''''' 'they<sub>i</sub> choose <u>them<sub>j</sub></u>' (''active'') → '''''leg<u>ërur</u>''''' '<u>they<sub>j</sub></u> choose' (''middle'')
* '''''leg<u>is</u>''''' 'they<sub>i</sub> choose <u>them<sub>j</sub></u>' (''active'') → '''''leg<u>erur</u>''''' '<u>they<sub>j</sub></u> choose' (''middle'')


[[w:Animacy|Animacy]] can play a major role in the meaning of a verb in the middle voice.  Verbs with more animate subjects, such as people, animals, gods, etc., may be interpreted as more towards an active meaning, whilst less animate subjects, like inanimate objects or possessions, may be interpreted as more passive in meaning.
[[w:Animacy|Animacy]] can play a major role in the meaning of a verb in the middle voice.  Verbs with more animate subjects, such as people, animals, gods, etc., may be interpreted as more towards an active meaning, whilst less animate subjects, like inanimate objects or possessions, may be interpreted as more passive in meaning.
Line 1,075: Line 1,075:
Another important use of the middle voice is the '''experiential middle voice'''.  When used with sensory verbs the middle voice may be used to differentiate experiential, nonvolitional sensation (''see, hear, smell, feel, know, etc.''), as opposed to active, volitional sensation (''look, listen, sniff, touch, understand, etc.'')  Often times, the object of the sensory verb will be expressed using an oblique case, usually the ablative.
Another important use of the middle voice is the '''experiential middle voice'''.  When used with sensory verbs the middle voice may be used to differentiate experiential, nonvolitional sensation (''see, hear, smell, feel, know, etc.''), as opposed to active, volitional sensation (''look, listen, sniff, touch, understand, etc.'')  Often times, the object of the sensory verb will be expressed using an oblique case, usually the ablative.


{{interlinear| number=2.a.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''īdēstë ponun gärīnī gellē''
{{interlinear| number=2.a.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''īdēste ponun garīnī gellē''
| īd-ēs<nowiki>=</nowiki>pon-un gärīn-ī gellē
| īd-ēs<nowiki>=</nowiki>te pon-un garīn-ī gellē
|hear/listen-ACT.3SG.T<nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG.NOM voice-ACC.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|hear/listen-ACT.3SG.T<nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG.NOM voice-ACC.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to listen to (my) friend's voice'
|'I like to listen to (my) friend's voice'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}


{{interlinear| number=2.b.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''īdeor ponā gärīnī gellē''
{{interlinear| number=2.b.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''īdeor ponā garīnī gellē''
| īd-'''eor''' pon-ā gärīn-ī gellē
| īd-'''eor''' pon-ā garīn-ī gellē
|hear/listen-'''MID.1SG''' voice-ABL.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|hear/listen-'''MID.1SG''' voice-ABL.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to hear (my) friend's voice'
|'I like to hear (my) friend's voice'
Line 1,093: Line 1,093:
Unlike the middle voice, the passive is not used for verbal complements, and it cannot take the agent of a verb as its subject.  It is never used in verbal complements.   
Unlike the middle voice, the passive is not used for verbal complements, and it cannot take the agent of a verb as its subject.  It is never used in verbal complements.   


{{interlinear| number=1.a.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''tetërur seun tīn iūs.''
{{interlinear| number=1.a.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''teterur seun tīn iūs.''
| tet-ërur se-un tīn-Ø iūs  
| tet-erur se-un tīn-Ø iūs  
|drink-MID.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|drink-MID.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea tastes good (lit. 'it drinks well').'}}
|'This tea tastes good (lit. 'it drinks well').'}}
Line 1,112: Line 1,112:
The passive can also be especially with intransitive verbs to form denote an '''unspecified/generic subject'''.  This structure may is used to make general statements or observations.  Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.
The passive can also be especially with intransitive verbs to form denote an '''unspecified/generic subject'''.  This structure may is used to make general statements or observations.  Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.


{{interlinear| number=3.a.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''mïquītur.''
{{interlinear| number=3.a.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''miquītur.''
| mïqu-ītur  
| miqu-ītur  
|die-MID.3PL.T
|die-MID.3PL.T
|'They are dead/dying.'}}
|'They are dead/dying.'}}
Line 1,122: Line 1,122:
|'There are people dead/dying.'}}
|'There are people dead/dying.'}}


{{interlinear| number=4.a.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''mūderra (sea) ardïna indëris alta.''
{{interlinear| number=4.a.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''mūderra (sea) ardina inderis alta.''
| mūd-erra (se-a) ard-ïna indër-is alt-a  
| mūd-erra (se-a) ard-ina inder-is alt-a  
|not.enough-MID.3SG.C (this-C.NOM.SG) wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|not.enough-MID.3SG.C (this-C.NOM.SG) wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'This is not enough water for the people of the capital.'}}
|'This is not enough water for the people of the capital.'}}


{{interlinear| number=4.b.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''mūdēlārra ardïna indëris alta.''
{{interlinear| number=4.b.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''mūdēlārra ardina inderis alta.''
| mūd-'''ēlārra''' ard-ïna indër-is alt-a  
| mūd-'''ēlārra''' ard-ina inder-is alt-a  
|not.enough-'''PAS.3SG.C''' wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|not.enough-'''PAS.3SG.C''' wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'There is not enough water for the people of the capital.'}}
|'There is not enough water for the people of the capital.'}}


Similarly, the passive can be used to form the ''aversive passive'', denoting an undesirable even or outcome.
Similarly, the passive can be used to form the ''aversive passive'', denoting an undesirable even or outcome.
{{interlinear| number=5.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta;  | top=''cōmërī rëquentus füruēlō sopërī.''
{{interlinear| number=5.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta;  | top=''cōmerī requentus furuēlō soperī.''
| cōmërrëqu-ent-us für-'''uēlō''' sopër
| cōmerrequ-ent-us fur-'''uēlō''' soper
|home-DAT return-IPFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG fall-'''PFV.PAS.1SG''' snow-ABL.SG
|home-DAT return-IPFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG fall-'''PFV.PAS.1SG''' snow-ABL.SG
|'Walking home I got snowed on.'}}
|'Walking home I got snowed on.'}}
4,932

edits