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Aeranir: Difference between revisions
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| tl<br>/tɬ/ | | tl<br>/tɬ/ | ||
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*The nasal consonant /n/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the following stop, so that /nk/ or /nqʷ/ for example become /ŋk/ and /ɴʷqʷ/. Before fricatives, /n/ is deleted, and the proceeding vowel is lengthened and nasalised. These processes apply between word boundries as well. Word final /n/ as part of case and personal markers is elided before a word starting with a vowel, fricative, approximate, or before a [[w:Pausa|pausa]]. | *The nasal consonant /n/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the following stop, so that /nk/ or /nqʷ/ for example become /ŋk/ and /ɴʷqʷ/. Before fricatives, /n/ is deleted, and the proceeding vowel is lengthened and nasalised. These processes apply between word boundries as well. Word final /n/ as part of case and personal markers is elided before a word starting with a vowel, fricative, approximate, or before a [[w:Pausa|pausa]]. | ||
*The phoneme /ɣ/ has the greatest variance of all Aeranid phonemes, varying between dialects and even between individual speakers from [ɰ~ɣ~ʁ~ʀ~ɢ~ʕ~ɦ~Ø]. It often served as a [[w:Shibboleth|shibboleth]] for discerning one's origins or social circles. | *The phoneme /ɣ/ has the greatest variance of all Aeranid phonemes, varying between dialects and even between individual speakers from [ɰ~ɣ~ʁ~ʀ~ɢ~ʕ~ɦ~Ø]. It often served as a [[w:Shibboleth|shibboleth]] for discerning one's origins or social circles. | ||
*The velar, labio-velar, and labio-uvular consonants /k/, /g/, /kʷ/, /gʷ/, and /qʷ/ are palatalised before front vowels and /j/ to [c], [ɟ], [kᶣ], [gᶣ], and [qᶣ] respectively. Futhermore, dental consonants /n/, /t/, and /d/ are palatalised before /j/ to [ɲ], [c], and [ɟ]. The glottal fricative /h/ is also palatalised to [ | *The velar, labio-velar, and labio-uvular consonants /k/, /g/, /kʷ/, /gʷ/, and /qʷ/ are palatalised before front vowels and /j/ to [c], [ɟ], [kᶣ], [gᶣ], and [qᶣ] respectively. Futhermore, dental consonants /n/, /t/, and /d/ are palatalised before /j/ to [ɲ], [c], and [ɟ]. The glottal fricative /h/ is also palatalised to [ȥ] before high front vowels and /j/. Some dialects also palatalise the postalveolar consonants /s̠/ and /ts̠/ to [ɕ] and [tɕ] before front vowels and /j/. In dialects were /ɣ/ is velar, it is often palatalised to [ʝ] in the same enviorments as the other velar consonants. | ||
*The labialised consonants /kʷ/, /gʷ/, and /qʷ/ are pronounced as truly labialised, rather than a sequence of two consonants, i.e. /kw/, /gw/, /qw/. The voiced labiovelar stop only occurs after a nasal consonant. | *The labialised consonants /kʷ/, /gʷ/, and /qʷ/ are pronounced as truly labialised, rather than a sequence of two consonants, i.e. /kw/, /gw/, /qw/. The voiced labiovelar stop only occurs after a nasal consonant. | ||
*All consonants, with the exception of /ʋ/, can be geminated between vowels. This is denoted orthographically by doubling of the first letter of the phoneme, i.e. ⟨cc⟩, ⟨ff⟩, ⟨rrh⟩, etc. The palatal approximate /j/ is always geminated to [jː] between vowels, but is written with a simple ⟨i⟩. Fricative /hː/ is usually realised as [ | *All consonants, with the exception of /ʋ/, can be geminated between vowels. This is denoted orthographically by doubling of the first letter of the phoneme, i.e. ⟨cc⟩, ⟨ff⟩, ⟨rrh⟩, etc. The palatal approximate /j/ is always geminated to [jː] between vowels, but is written with a simple ⟨i⟩. Fricative /hː/ is usually realised as [ȥː], however in dialects with uvular or pharyngeal articulation of /ɣ/, it is usually backed to match that articulation. In dialects that palatalise /s̠/ and /ts̠/, [ȥː] often becomes [ɕː], merging in some environments with /s̠ː/. | ||
*The lateral approximate /l/ has two allophones in Classical Aeranir; [l] before close front vowels, /j/, and when geminated, and [ɫ] elsewhere. | *The lateral approximate /l/ has two allophones in Classical Aeranir; [l] before close front vowels, /j/, and when geminated, and [ɫ] elsewhere. | ||
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===Gender=== | ===Gender=== | ||
Aeranir nouns are divided into three [[w:Grammatical Gender|genders]], all of which are directly inherited from late [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. These known as the '''temporary''', '''cyclical''', and '''eternal''' genders. The gender of a noun effects the adjectives and verbs that refer to it. | Aeranir nouns are divided into three [[w:Grammatical Gender|genders]], all of which are directly inherited from late [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. These known as the '''temporary''', '''cyclical''', and '''eternal''' genders. The gender of a noun effects the adjectives and verbs that refer to it. | ||
* ''{{term| | * ''{{term|saliȥ}} {{term|ars}} {{term|rhaius}}'' = The small person (''temporary'') is falling. | ||
* ''{{term|salia}} {{term|tlāna}} {{term|rhaia}}'' = The small flower (''cyclical'') is falling. | * ''{{term|salia}} {{term|tlāna}} {{term|rhaia}}'' = The small flower (''cyclical'') is falling. | ||
* ''{{term|salī}} {{term|praediun}} {{term|rhaiun}}'' = The small pen (''eternal'') is falling. | * ''{{term|salī}} {{term|praediun}} {{term|rhaiun}}'' = The small pen (''eternal'') is falling. | ||
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'''P''' represents the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the person or thing towhich the verb is done, also called the '''direct object''', such as ‘the book’ in ‘the child reads the book.’ '''T''' represents the '''theme''', or the object that is given to someone or something, such as ‘the milk’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These two roles make up the '''accusative argument''', which is marked with the [[w:Accusative case|accusative case]]. Finally, '''R''' represents the '''recipient''', or the person who recieves the theme from the donor, or benefits from the donor's action, with a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]], also commonly called the '''indirect object''', such as 'the cat' in 'the senator gave the cate some milk.' | '''P''' represents the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the person or thing towhich the verb is done, also called the '''direct object''', such as ‘the book’ in ‘the child reads the book.’ '''T''' represents the '''theme''', or the object that is given to someone or something, such as ‘the milk’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These two roles make up the '''accusative argument''', which is marked with the [[w:Accusative case|accusative case]]. Finally, '''R''' represents the '''recipient''', or the person who recieves the theme from the donor, or benefits from the donor's action, with a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]], also commonly called the '''indirect object''', such as 'the cat' in 'the senator gave the cate some milk.' | ||
Aeranir verbs conjugate their endings to agree with the most oblique argument in a clause. That means the '''subject''' of an '''intransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''claud<u> | Aeranir verbs conjugate their endings to agree with the most oblique argument in a clause. That means the '''subject''' of an '''intransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''claud<u>iȥ</u>'''''; '<u>I</u> laugh'), the '''patient''' of a '''transitive verb''' (e.g. '''''aug<u>en</u>te'''''; 'I look at <u>you</u>'), or the '''recipient''' of a '''ditransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''ȥav<u>ī</u>ȥe salvae'''''; 'you all gave <u>me</u> the books'). It should be noted that a verb in the [[w:Active voice|active voice]] must always have the maximum number of arguments according to its inherent transitivity. This means, for example, that one can never say 'John eats.' Because 'to eat' is transitive, there must be a patient, or direct object, e.g. 'John eats food.' However, there are a number of valancy dropping operations available in Aeranir to allow various arguments to be dropped, which are discussed in the section on [[w:Voice (grammar)|voice]]. | ||
Additional arguments can be expressed with [[w:Clitic|pronominal clitics]] attached to the end of a verb in independant clauses and to the beginning in dependant ones (e.g.'''''augen<u>te</u>'''''; '<u>I</u> look at you,' ''''' | Additional arguments can be expressed with [[w:Clitic|pronominal clitics]] attached to the end of a verb in independant clauses and to the beginning in dependant ones (e.g.'''''augen<u>te</u>'''''; '<u>I</u> look at you,' '''''ȥavī<u>ȥe</u> salvae'''''; '<u>you all</u> gave me the books'), however these are not considered part of a verbs conjugation, and are optional, especially if the information can be assumed or is known between speakers. | ||
====Number of Conjugations==== | ====Number of Conjugations==== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Active | ! Active | ||
| ''' | | '''aedaȥ'''<br>They love me | ||
| '''aedet'''<br>They should love me | | '''aedet'''<br>They should love me | ||
| '''aedārit'''<br>They want to love me | | '''aedārit'''<br>They want to love me | ||
| ''' | | '''aedātaȥ'''<br>They can love me | ||
| '''aedāvī'''<br>They loved me | | '''aedāvī'''<br>They loved me | ||
| '''aedēvī'''<br>They should have loved me | | '''aedēvī'''<br>They should have loved me | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Causative | ! Causative | ||
| ''' | | '''aedātiȥ'''<br>They let me love them | ||
| '''aedātiat'''<br>They should let me love them | | '''aedātiat'''<br>They should let me love them | ||
| '''aedātīrit'''<br>They want to let me love them | | '''aedātīrit'''<br>They want to let me love them | ||
| ''' | | '''aedātītaȥ'''<br>They can let me love them | ||
| '''aedātīvī'''<br>They have let me love them | | '''aedātīvī'''<br>They have let me love them | ||
| '''aedātiāvī'''<br>They should have let me love them | | '''aedātiāvī'''<br>They should have let me love them | ||
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! rowspan="5" | Singular | ! rowspan="5" | Singular | ||
! colspan="2" | 1st Person | ! colspan="2" | 1st Person | ||
| ''- | | ''-iȥ/-it'' | ||
| ''-ī'' | | ''-ī'' | ||
| ''-or/-ō'' | | ''-or/-ō'' | ||
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| ''-tl-'' | | ''-tl-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''- | | ''-ȥ-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-c-'' | | ''-c-'' | ||
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! ''-ī-'' | ! ''-ī-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''- | ! ''-iȥ'' | ||
| → ''- | | → ''-aȥ'' | ||
| → ''- | | → ''-eȥ'' | ||
| → ''- | | → ''-iȥ'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''-is'' | ! ''-is'' | ||
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The second two determine a verbs's '''t-stem''' and '''s-stem'''. These stem alterations are used for further conjugation, the t-stem forming the ''active'' and ''middle perfective participles'', the ''causative voice'', and the ''potential mood'', and the s-stem forming the ''desiderative''. The t- and s-forms often are identical, however meaning is useally further differentiated by thematic vowels, so completely identical forms are rare. | The second two determine a verbs's '''t-stem''' and '''s-stem'''. These stem alterations are used for further conjugation, the t-stem forming the ''active'' and ''middle perfective participles'', the ''causative voice'', and the ''potential mood'', and the s-stem forming the ''desiderative''. The t- and s-forms often are identical, however meaning is useally further differentiated by thematic vowels, so completely identical forms are rare. | ||
The final form determines how a verb with form the perfective aspect. Generally, there are three main strategies for this: the application of suffix '''''-u-''''' directly after the stem (e.g. '''''{{term| | The final form determines how a verb with form the perfective aspect. Generally, there are three main strategies for this: the application of suffix '''''-u-''''' directly after the stem (e.g. '''''{{term|oeliȥ}}''''' ("I work") → '''''oeluī''''' ("I worked")), the appication of the suffix '''''-v-''''' after a theme vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|aedaȥ}}''''' ("they love me") → '''''aedāvī''''' ("they loved me")), or no suffix, with lengthening of the root vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|legiȥ}}''''' ("I choose") → '''''lēgī''''' ("I chose")). It should be noted that the perfective is always followed by weak endings. | ||
Occassionally, a thematic vowel, weak or strong, may be inserted before the t- or s-stem. This is most common in verbs with a base thematic ''-ā-'', which often functions as a part of the stem (e.g. ''''' | Occassionally, a thematic vowel, weak or strong, may be inserted before the t- or s-stem. This is most common in verbs with a base thematic ''-ā-'', which often functions as a part of the stem (e.g. '''''aedaȥ''''' → '''''aedātus''''' ("that loved") '''''aedārit''''' ("they want to love me") vs. '''''{{term|mavaȥ}}''''' ("I wander") → '''''mautus''''' ("that wandered") '''''maurit''''' ("I want to wander)). This may occur with other theme classes, although it should be noted that ''-ē-'' is never used, and is always replaced with ''-ī-''. | ||
===Aspect=== | ===Aspect=== | ||
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There are a variety of different strategies to form the perfective. Many of them involve the ''suffix'', which takes the form of ''-v-'' between vowels and ''-u-'' after consonants. All of them take the perfective endings. | There are a variety of different strategies to form the perfective. Many of them involve the ''suffix'', which takes the form of ''-v-'' between vowels and ''-u-'' after consonants. All of them take the perfective endings. | ||
:*Attachment of the suffix directly to the stem. | :*Attachment of the suffix directly to the stem. | ||
:::'''''{{term| | :::'''''{{term|mendiȥ}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''menduī''''' ("they healed me") | ||
:::'''''{{term| | :::'''''{{term|saepiȥ}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepuī''''' ("they cut me") | ||
:*Attachment of the suffix after base thematic vowel. | :*Attachment of the suffix after base thematic vowel. | ||
:::'''''{{term| | :::'''''{{term|praeffiliaȥ}}''''' ("they are paying me") → '''''praeffïliāvī''''' ("they payed me") | ||
:::'''''{{term| | :::'''''{{term|augeȥ}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''augēvī''''' ("they looked at me") | ||
:*No suffix; perfective endings attached directly to the stem, with root vowel lengthening. | :*No suffix; perfective endings attached directly to the stem, with root vowel lengthening. | ||
:::'''''{{term| | :::'''''{{term|iuvaȥ}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūvī''''' ("they wrote me") | ||
:::'''''{{term| | :::'''''{{term|feriȥ}}''''' ("they are carrying me") → '''''fērī''''' ("they carried me") | ||
===Mood=== | ===Mood=== | ||
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! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Weak Verbs | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Weak Verbs | ||
| ''-ø-'' → '''''-ē-''''' | | ''-ø-'' → '''''-ē-''''' | ||
| '' | | ''mendiȥ'' → '''''mendet''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-ā-''''' | | ''-ē-'' → '''''-ā-''''' | ||
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! <small> a-stem <small> | ! <small> a-stem <small> | ||
| ''-ā-'' → '''''-ē-''''' | | ''-ā-'' → '''''-ē-''''' | ||
| '' | | ''aedaȥ'' → '''''aedet'''''<br>''aedālō'' → '''''aedēlō''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | <small> i-stem <small> | ! rowspan="2" | <small> i-stem <small> | ||
| ''-ī-'' → '''''-iā-''''' | | ''-ī-'' → '''''-iā-''''' | ||
| '' | | ''saepiȥ'' → '''''saepiat''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-iē-'' → '''''-iā-''''' | | ''-iē-'' → '''''-iā-''''' | ||
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! <small> e-stem <small> | ! <small> e-stem <small> | ||
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-eā-''''' | | ''-ē-'' → '''''-eā-''''' | ||
| '' | | ''cōreȥ'' → '''''cōreat'''''<br>''cōrēlō'' → '''''cōreālō''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
=====Forming the subjunctive===== | =====Forming the subjunctive===== | ||
The subjunctive is formed by shifting a verb's base theme vowel, as described by the table to the left. This shift happens after the stem, but may be either before or after the suffix, depending on whether or not there is a theme vowel before the suffix in the indicative. So the perfective of '''''aedēs''''' ("they should love it") is '''''aedēvis''''' (from indicative '''''aedāvis''''') but '''''saepiās''''' ("they should cut it") is '''''saepuēs''''' (from indicative '''''saepuis'''''), not **''aedāvēs'' or **''saepēvis''. Although these forms are occasionally found in non-standard writing, they are considered incorrect my grammaticians. | The subjunctive is formed by shifting a verb's base theme vowel, as described by the table to the left. This shift happens after the stem, but may be either before or after the suffix, depending on whether or not there is a theme vowel before the suffix in the indicative. So the perfective of '''''aedēs''''' ("they should love it") is '''''aedēvis''''' (from indicative '''''aedāvis''''') but '''''saepiās''''' ("they should cut it") is '''''saepuēs''''' (from indicative '''''saepuis'''''), not **''aedāvēs'' or **''saepēvis''. Although these forms are occasionally found in non-standard writing, they are considered incorrect my grammaticians. | ||
The imperfective subjunctive uses the 1st person sungular ''-it'' instead of ''- | The imperfective subjunctive uses the 1st person sungular ''-it'' instead of ''-iȥ'', and ''-ō'' instead of ''-or'': '''''{{term|paciȥ}}''''', '''''pacior''''' ("they take me, I take") become '''''paciat''''', '''''paciō''''' ("they should take me, I should take"). | ||
The 1st person subjunctive perfective in verbs that have no theme vowel before the suffix and does not extend the root vowel is identical to the indicative, and the mood must be inferred through conext: '''''saepuī''''' may be either "they cut me" or "They should cut me." The 3rd person active cyclical singulars in verbs with base theme vowels ''-ī-'' and ''-ē-'' are also identical, e.g. both '''''pacia''''' ("they take it/they should take it"), '''''augea''''' ("they see it/they should see it"). | The 1st person subjunctive perfective in verbs that have no theme vowel before the suffix and does not extend the root vowel is identical to the indicative, and the mood must be inferred through conext: '''''saepuī''''' may be either "they cut me" or "They should cut me." The 3rd person active cyclical singulars in verbs with base theme vowels ''-ī-'' and ''-ē-'' are also identical, e.g. both '''''pacia''''' ("they take it/they should take it"), '''''augea''''' ("they see it/they should see it"). | ||