Aeranir: Difference between revisions

| t<br>/t̪ʰ/

| tl<br>/tɬʰ/

|

| c<br>/kʰ/

! colspan="2" | Fricative

| f<br>/f/

|

| s<br>/s̠/

|

|

|

| t<br>/t̪/

| tl<br>/tɬ/

| c<br>/c/

| q<br>/k/

|'should Rascanus be reading a book...'}}

| tell-PFV.3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-INF

|'Rascanus told Ilius that he was reading a book'}}

| ''rester''

| ''sī''<br>''seī''

| ''ūlī''

| ''ustī''

| ''cī''<br>''ceī''

|- style="text-align:center;"

|'My capital is Telrhamir'}}

| COP.3SG.T '''that_one's-C.GEN.SG''' (flower-GEN.SG Aeranid-C.GEN.SG) head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>rham-GEN.PL

|'Its (the Aeranid Empire's) capital is Telrhamir'}}

'''P''' represents the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the person or thing towhich the verb is done, also called the '''direct object''', such as ‘the book’ in ‘the child reads the book.’  '''T''' represents the '''theme''', or the object that is given to someone or something, such as ‘the milk’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’  These two roles make up the '''accusative argument''', which is marked with the [[w:Accusative case|accusative case]].  Finally, '''R''' represents the '''recipient''', or the person who recieves the theme from the donor, or benefits from the donor's action, with a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]], also commonly called the '''indirect object''', such as 'the cat' in 'the senator gave the cate some milk.'

{{interlinear | box=yes | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top='''''mollī cōmus'''''

It should be noted that a verb in the [[w:Active voice|active voice]] must always have the maximum number of arguments according to its inherent transitivity.  This means, for example, that one can never say 'John eats.'  Because 'to eat' is transitive, there must be a patient, or direct object, e.g. 'John eats food.'  However, there are a number of valancy dropping operations available in Aeranir to allow various arguments to be dropped, which are discussed in the section on [[w:Voice (grammar)|voice]].

====Number of Conjugations====

|-

! Active

| '''aedet'''<br>They should love me

| '''aedārit'''<br>They want to love me

| '''aedāvī'''<br>They loved me

| '''aedēvī'''<br>They should have loved me

|-

! Causative

| '''aedātiat'''<br>They should let me love them

| '''aedātīrit'''<br>They want to let me love them

| '''aedātīvī'''<br>They have let me love them

| '''aedātiāvī'''<br>They should have let me love them

! rowspan="5" | Singular

! colspan="2" | 1st Person

| ''-ī''

| ''-or/-ō''

|- style="text-align:center;"

! colspan="2" | 3rd Person

| ''-end''

|}

| ''-tl-''  

|-

|-

| ''-c-''  

! ''-ī-''

|-

|-

! ''-is''  

The second two determine a verbs's '''t-stem''' and '''s-stem'''.  These stem alterations are used for further conjugation, the t-stem forming the ''active'' and ''middle perfective participles'', the ''causative voice'', and the ''potential mood'', and the s-stem forming the ''desiderative''.  The t- and s-forms often are identical, however meaning is useally further differentiated by thematic vowels, so completely identical forms are rare.

===Aspect===

There are a variety of different strategies to form the perfective.  Many of them involve the ''suffix'', which takes the form of ''-v-'' between vowels and ''-u-'' after consonants.  All of them take the perfective endings.

:*Attachment of the suffix directly to the stem.

:*Attachment of the suffix after base thematic vowel.

:*No suffix; perfective endings attached directly to the stem, with root vowel lengthening.

===Mood===

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Weak Verbs

| ''-ø-'' → '''''-ē-'''''

|-

| ''-ē-'' → '''''-ā-'''''

! <small> a-stem <small>

| ''-ā-'' → '''''-ē-'''''

|-

! rowspan="2" | <small> i-stem <small>

| ''-ī-'' → '''''-iā-'''''

|-

| ''-iē-'' → '''''-iā-'''''

! <small> e-stem <small>

| ''-ē-'' → '''''-eā-'''''

|}

=====Forming the subjunctive=====

The subjunctive is formed by shifting a verb's base theme vowel, as described by the table to the left.  This shift happens after the stem, but may be either before or after the suffix, depending on whether or not there is a theme vowel before the suffix in the indicative.  So the perfective of '''''aedēs''''' ("they should love it") is '''''aedēvis''''' (from indicative '''''aedāvis''''') but '''''saepiās''''' ("they should cut it") is '''''saepuēs''''' (from indicative '''''saepuis'''''), not **''aedāvēs'' or **''saepēvis''.  Although these forms are occasionally found in non-standard writing, they are considered incorrect my grammaticians.

The 1st person subjunctive perfective in verbs that have no theme vowel before the suffix and does not extend the root vowel is identical to the indicative, and the mood must be inferred through conext: '''''saepuī''''' may be either "they cut me" or "They should cut me."  The 3rd person active cyclical singulars in verbs with base theme vowels ''-ī-'' and ''-ē-'' are also identical, e.g. both '''''pacia''''' ("they take it/they should take it"), '''''augea''''' ("they see it/they should see it").

|'This job ''seems'' difficult'}}

| '''please-SUBJ.3SG.C''' Little.Oscus-ACC.SG gift-ESS.SG book-NOM.SG

|'Little Oscus ''may like'' a book as a gift'}}

====Desiderative====

:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.

:*''-s-'' is appended after a theme vowel, causing ''-s-'' to become ''-r-''.

:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-s-'' augment as well.

====Potential====

:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.

:*''-t-'' is appended after a theme vowel.

:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-t-'' augment as well.

It should be noted that in the causative voice of the potential mood, the first ''-t-'' augment often dissimilates to ''-s/ss-'';

===Voice===

The meaning of a verb in the middle voice often depends on the context of the sentence and the lexical properties of the word itself.  In its most basic sense, it may be used simply as a valancy decreasing operation.  As transitive verbs require an object in the active voice (because transitive verbs must agree with the object), the middle voice may be used merely to omit an object, to highlight the subject or some other part of the sentence, or to simply make a blanket statement.

* '''''leg<u>is</u>''''' 'they_i choose <u>them_j</u>' (''active'') → '''''leg<u>erur</u>''''' '<u>they_j</u> choose' (''middle'')

Sometimes, it may have a '''reflexive''' meaning, or the sense of doing something for ones own benefit.

|wash-ACT.1SG river-LOC.SG

|'They wash me in a river'

|'There are people dead/dying'}}

|not.enough-MID.3SG.C (this-C.NOM.SG) wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG

|'This is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

|not.enough-'''PAS.3SG.C''' wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG

|'There is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

|- style="text-align:center;"

! Active

| '''''aedāre'''''<br>''-re''

| ''to love<br>(someone)''

| '''''aedārī'''''<br>''-rī''

| ''to have loved<br>(someone)''

| colspan="2" | '''''aedātus singan'''''<br>''<small>{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}}</small> + singan''

| ''to be loved''

| ''to have been<br>loved''

|- style="text-align:center;"

! Causative

| '''''aedātīre'''''<br>''-tīre''

| ''to make (someone)<br>love (someone)''

| '''''aedātīrī'''''<br>''-tīrī''

| ''to have made<br>(someone) love<br>(someone)''

The infinitive in Aeranir can be used to report indirect speech, hearsay, speculation, or sensation.

| pass-PFV.3SG.C 1SG.PRO-DAT capital-DAT.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>come-'''PFV.INF'''

|'They told me that you'd come to the capital'}}

| hear-PFV.3SG.C<nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Mussa-ABL.SG Limius-GEN.SG friend-GEN.PL<nowiki>=</nowiki>and newly home-ACC.SG build-'''INF'''

|'I heard from Mussa that Limius and their friends are building a new house'}}