798
edits
Ahāmatya: Difference between revisions
→Nouns
Deltaquebec (talk | contribs) (→Case) |
Deltaquebec (talk | contribs) (→Nouns) |
||
| Line 210: | Line 210: | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
'''Ahāmatya''' nouns can be declined into | '''Ahāmatya''' nouns can be declined into nine cases, three numbers, and four classes. | ||
====Class==== | ====Class==== | ||
'''Ahāmatya''' nouns exhibit a kind of noun class system. Nouns have | '''Ahāmatya''' nouns exhibit a kind of noun class system. Nouns have four classes: '''Class I''' nouns, called "a-theme" nouns; '''Class II''' nouns, called "e-theme" nouns; '''Class III''' nouns, called "u-theme" nouns; '''Class IV''' nouns, called "other" nouns. "a-theme", "e-theme", and "u-theme" are so-named because the vowels "a", "e", and "u" that appear as the final sound in their respective nouns in the singular root. "other" is so-named as a catch-all for words that are not "a-theme", "e-theme", or "u-theme". The phonological environment determines whether a noun is Class I or Class II, and is readily predictable. Class III nouns tend to be derived. Class IV nouns are almost always derived, and feature variable endings. | ||
The thematic vowel in the ultimate syllable is determined by the vowel in the penultimate syllable and the consonants in the coda of that syllable and/or the onset of the ultimate syllable. Barring a few exceptions, this is a predictable machination. The consonants at the boundary of the penultimate and the ultimate vowel can be divided into four categories: '''continuative short''', '''continuative long''', '''terminative short''', and '''terminative long'''. | The thematic vowel in the ultimate syllable is determined by the vowel in the penultimate syllable and the consonants in the coda of that syllable and/or the onset of the ultimate syllable. Barring a few exceptions, this is a predictable machination. The consonants at the boundary of the penultimate and the ultimate vowel can be divided into four categories: '''continuative short''', '''continuative long''', '''terminative short''', and '''terminative long'''. | ||
| Line 318: | Line 330: | ||
====Number==== | ====Number==== | ||
Number in '''Ahāmatya''' nouns is represented | Number in '''Ahāmatya''' nouns is represented by the noun root existing as a '''singular stem''', a '''comprehensive plural stem''', or a '''partitive plural stem'''. These are appended to by the case marker. | ||
The '''singular''' is the unmarked form of the noun | The '''singular''' is the unmarked form of the noun. | ||
* '''ive-''' "bird" | * '''ive-''' "bird" | ||
| Line 328: | Line 340: | ||
* '''vrunnu-''' "robin" | * '''vrunnu-''' "robin" | ||
The '''comprehensive plural''' is marked by '''-i''' | The '''comprehensive plural''' is marked by '''-i'''. If the stem ends in a diphthong which would collapse into a vowel in non-stressed syllables, then it does. The comprehensive plural has an intrinsic meaning of "all of that about which I am speaking in this context". | ||
* '''ivei-''' → '''ivi-''' "birds" | * '''ivei-''' → '''ivi-''' "birds" | ||
| Line 336: | Line 348: | ||
* '''vrunnui-''' "robins" | * '''vrunnui-''' "robins" | ||
The '''partitive plural''' is marked by '''-u''' | The '''partitive plural''' is marked by '''-u'''. The partitive plural has an intrinsic meaning of "some or a few of that about which I am speaking in this context". | ||
* '''iveu-''' "some birds" | * '''iveu-''' "some birds" | ||
| Line 346: | Line 358: | ||
====Case==== | ====Case==== | ||
There are | There are nine cases in '''Ahāmatya'''. Many cases are also used as objects of the preposition, most of which are predictable. | ||
===== Nominative Case ===== | ===== Nominative Case ===== | ||
The nominative case indicates the subject of a verb | The nominative case indicates the subject of a transitive and intransitive verb. | ||
====== Usage ====== | ====== Usage ====== | ||
| Line 360: | Line 372: | ||
====== Formation ====== | ====== Formation ====== | ||
The nominative case | The nominative case is marked with '''-n''', and has an allomorph in '''-r''', which manifests in the usual way. | ||
====== Examples ====== | ====== Examples ====== | ||
''' | '''Iven''' nena. | ||
The bird is sleeping. | The bird is sleeping. | ||
''' | '''Mrjan''' anna. | ||
The spirit is good. | The spirit is good. | ||
'''Vrunnur''' henelēn kaira. | |||
The robin had shouted at the pig. | |||
| Line 468: | Line 484: | ||
====== Examples ====== | ====== Examples ====== | ||
===== Vocative Case ===== | |||
The vocative case indicates that which is directly addressed. A noun in the vocative case is the citation form of the word in a reference. | |||
====== Usage ====== | |||
* location at a place in space | |||
* location at a place or period in time | |||
====== Formation ====== | |||
The vocative case is unmarked, or, to be more precise, is marked with '''-∅'''. | |||
====== Examples ====== | |||
===== Summary Table ===== | ===== Summary Table ===== | ||