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==Verbs==
==Verbs==
Verbs in '''Ahāmatya''' are inflected for aspect, time (strictly speaking, deixis), mood, and person. Aspect and time combine to yield 6 tenses. Verbs may be derived from nouns and adjectives into either transitive or intransitive verbs.
===Tense===
'''Ahāmatya''' distinguishes between two aspects: the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context.
Time is distinguished between '''Past''' time, indicating actions in the past, and '''Non-Past''' time indicating, actions not in the past. Within '''Non-Past''' time are present and future times, where the future is identical to the present with the addition of an explicit prefix, itself a cliticized form of an independent word. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.
* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.
* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Present Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past present time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time.
* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Future Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past future time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect, non-past time, and marked by the clitic '''le-'''.
* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.
* The '''Perfect Non-Past Present Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action in the present time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.
* The '''Perfect Non-Past Future Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action in the future time. It is the composition of perfect aspect, non-past time, and marked by the clitic '''le-'''.
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''<br> '''β'''<sup>+</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''<sup>+</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''<sup>-</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''<sup>-</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''<sup>+</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''<sup>+</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''<sup>-</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''<sup>-</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''α'''
|}
===Mood===
'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.
'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''<sub>''modal''</sub> + '''V'''<sub>''infinitive''</sub>
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''<sub>''modal''</sub> + '''V'''<sub>''infinitive''</sub>
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''<sub>''modal''</sub> + '''V'''<sub>''infinitive''</sub><br> '''β'''<sup>+</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''β'''<sub>''modal''</sub> + '''V'''<sub>''infinitive''</sub>
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''<sup>+</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''β'''<sub>''modal''</sub> + '''V'''<sub>''infinitive''</sub>
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''<sup>-</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''β'''<sub>''modal''</sub> + '''V'''<sub>''infinitive''</sub>
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''<sup>-</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''β'''<sub>''modal''</sub> + '''V'''<sub>''infinitive''</sub>
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''<sup>+</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''α'''<sub>''modal''</sub> + '''V'''<sub>''infinitive''</sub>
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''<sup>+</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''α'''<sub>''modal''</sub> + '''V'''<sub>''infinitive''</sub>
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''<sup>-</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''α'''<sub>''modal''</sub> + '''V'''<sub>''infinitive''</sub>
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''<sup>-</sup><sub>''copula''</sub> + '''α'''<sub>''modal''</sub> + '''V'''<sub>''infinitive''</sub>
|}
===Voice===
Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case. When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:
'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''<sub>ergative</sub>'' + V''<sub>transitive</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>''
* N''<sub>ergative</sub>'' + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>transitive</sub>''
* N''<sub>ergative</sub>'' + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>modal</sub>'' + V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''
* N''<sub>ergative</sub>'' + V''<sub>modal</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''
* ∅ + V''<sub>intransitive</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>''
* ∅ + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>intransitive</sub>''
* ∅ + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>modal</sub>'' + V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''
* ∅ + V''<sub>modal</sub>'' + N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''
'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>transitive</sub>'' + N''<sub>oblique</sub>''
* N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>oblique</sub>'' + V''<sub>transitive</sub>''
* N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>oblique</sub>'' + V''<sub>modal</sub>'' + V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''
* N''<sub>absolutive</sub>'' + V''<sub>modal</sub>'' + N''<sub>oblique</sub>'' + V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''
'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''<sub>intransitive</sub>'' + N''<sub>ergative</sub>''
* ∅ + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>ergative</sub>'' + V''<sub>intransitive</sub>''
* ∅ + V''<sub>copula</sub>'' + N''<sub>ergative</sub>'' + V''<sub>modal</sub>''+  V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''
* ∅ + V''<sub>modal</sub>'' + N''<sub>ergative</sub>'' + V''<sub>infinitive</sub>''
In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.
===Infinitive===
The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a form unique to verb constructions only, and cannot exist on its own. The infinitive can only exist as a part of constructing verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed.
* The structure of the '''Infinitive''' is: '''1a2a3'''
Additionally, the infinitive is the citation form of a verb.
===Conjugation===
Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.
{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | Singular
! colspan="4" | Plural
! colspan="4" | Partitive
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! Inclusive
|
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! Inclusive
|
|
|-
! Exclusive
|
|
! Exclusive
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! Masculine
|
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! Masculine
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! Masculine
|
|
|-
! Feminine
|
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! Feminine
|
|
! Feminine
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! Masculine
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! Masculine
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! Masculine
|
|
|-
! Feminine
|
|
! Feminine
|
|
! Feminine
|
|
|-
! Neuter
|
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! Neuter
|
|
! Neuter
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
|
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
|
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
|
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | Singular
! colspan="4" | Plural
! colspan="4" | Partitive
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjuð''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! Inclusive
|
| '''dhua-'''''rjuð''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! Inclusive
|
|
|-
! Exclusive
|
|
! Exclusive
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! Masculine
|
| '''ive-'''''rjyð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! Masculine
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! Masculine
|
|
|-
! Feminine
|
| '''me-'''''rjuð''
! Feminine
|
|
! Feminine
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! Masculine
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! Masculine
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! Masculine
|
|
|-
! Feminine
|
|
! Feminine
|
|
! Feminine
|
|
|-
! Neuter
|
| '''ā-'''''rjuð''
! Neuter
|
|
! Neuter
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
|
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
! colspan="2" | 4th
|
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
! colspan="2" | 4th
|
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | Singular
! colspan="4" | Plural
! colspan="4" | Partitive
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! Inclusive
| –
| '''dhye-'''''rjeði''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! Inclusive
| –
|
|-
! Exclusive
| –
|
! Exclusive
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! Masculine
| –
| '''ive-'''''rjeði''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! Masculine
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! Masculine
| –
|
|-
! Feminine
| –
| '''me-'''''rjeði''
! Feminine
| –
|
! Feminine
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! Masculine
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! Masculine
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! Masculine
| –
| –
|-
! Feminine
| –
| –
! Feminine
| –
| –
! Feminine
| –
| –
|-
! Neuter
| –
| –
! Neuter
| –
| –
! Neuter
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
|}
While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.
{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | Singular
! colspan="4" | Plural
! colspan="4" | Partitive
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-ala'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! Inclusive
|
| '''dhua-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! Inclusive
|
|
|-
! Exclusive
|
|
! Exclusive
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! Masculine
|
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! Masculine
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! Masculine
|
|
|-
! Feminine
|
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! Feminine
|
|
! Feminine
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! Masculine
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! Masculine
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! Masculine
|
|
|-
! Feminine
|
|
! Feminine
|
|
! Feminine
|
|
|-
! Neuter
|
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! Neuter
|
|
! Neuter
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
|
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
|
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
|
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | Singular
! colspan="4" | Plural
! colspan="4" | Partitive
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjuð'''''-ala'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! Inclusive
|
| '''dhua-'''''rjyð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! Inclusive
|
|
|-
! Exclusive
|
|
! Exclusive
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! Masculine
|
| '''ive-'''''rjyð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! Masculine
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! Masculine
|
|
|-
! Feminine
|
| '''me-'''''rjuð'''''-am'''
! Feminine
|
|
! Feminine
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! Masculine
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! Masculine
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! Masculine
|
|
|-
! Feminine
|
|
! Feminine
|
|
! Feminine
|
|
|-
! Neuter
|
| '''ā-'''''rjuð'''''-ah'''
! Neuter
|
|
! Neuter
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
|
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
|
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
|
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | Singular
! colspan="4" | Plural
! colspan="4" | Partitive
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! Inclusive
| –
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''''i''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! Inclusive
| –
|
|-
! Exclusive
| –
|
! Exclusive
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! Masculine
| –
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''''i''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! Masculine
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! Masculine
| –
|
|-
! Feminine
| –
| '''me-'''''rjeð'''''-em'''''i''
! Feminine
| –
|
! Feminine
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! Masculine
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! Masculine
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! Masculine
| –
| –
|-
! Feminine
| –
| –
! Feminine
| –
| –
! Feminine
| –
| –
|-
! Neuter
| –
| –
! Neuter
| –
| –
! Neuter
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
|}


==Adverbs==
==Adverbs==
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