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| '''Amphirese''' (''amphirim'' /amphirim/) is a major Talmic language descended from [[Tigol]], inspired by Welsh, Korean, Etruscan, Romani, and the Slavic languages. Relative to [[Eevo]], it has a relatively conservative verb system. On the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] ({{SUBPAGENAME}}: ''i Smaoukh'' /i smaukh/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence and grammar. {{SUBPAGENAME}} is the official language of the Talman nation [[Verse:Tricin/Amphir|Amphir]] and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; after [[Eevo]], it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers, though most modern speakers know Eevo. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{SUBPAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. Like with German, there is a Standard Anvirese and various regiolects.
| | Anglo-Swedo-Sino-Korean jokelang; include a xenic layer from a Pama-Nyungan-like language Dårle |
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| Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{SUBPAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.
| | Use "Fljeongmjeongths" somewhere |
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| This language began as ''Tíogall'', which was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Bhlaoighne]] or [[Clofabosin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still felt that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Eevo's "English"), so I decided to revive this project as "Anvyrese" or "Anvirese". One thing that was still nagging me was that the grammar was still too German for a country with a Germany-like history, so I decided to swap a minority Tigolic language "Tumaka" with "Anvirese", and this is the result.
| | Flijeon River |
| ==Todo==
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| cemph, tzath, nuthch, doiph, solitzh, ...
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| ==Phonology==
| | Andaegol |
| ===Consonants===
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| *c g ch ŋ /k g kʰ ŋ/
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| *t d th n /t d tʰ n/
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| *tz dz tzh /ts dz tsʰ/
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| *p b ph m /p b pʰ m/
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| *f fh s sh (s̉) (s̃) h /f v~fʰ s z~sʰ ç ɕ h/
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| *r l i /r L j/
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| At word-final position, the voicing distinction in unaspirated plosives is lost, and unaspirated plosives are unreleased.
| | Mjeolnir 'big hammer' -- hammer that periodically destroys the world (Sino-Korean myeol 'to wipe out') in Anbirese mythology? |
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| Some consonants could be syllabic, namely ''m n ŋ l r''.
| | Mjeolbon 'Melbourne' |
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| ===Vowels===
| | brjedjeong |
| i u ou e y a o /i ɨ u e ə a o/
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| ===Stress===
| | sjeong - sky, skjeong - to clean |
| Stress is always initial.
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| ==Morphology== | | Daerjeong-eup: town located where our timeline's Dwellingup is |
| ===Mutations=== | | ==Phonology== |
| Tumaka has no mutation; instead, former feminine nouns often begin in an aspirated consonant, as a result of lenition after the definite article. (cf. [[Eevo]], where former feminine nouns begin in different consonants than former masculine nouns.)
| | ===Consonants=== |
| | *'''k g ng''' /k g ŋ/ |
| | *'''kj/tj gj/dj thj nj''' /tɕ d͡ʑ ɕ ɲ/ |
| | *'''t d th n''' /t d θ n/ |
| | *'''p b f v m''' /p b f v~w m/ |
| | *'''s sj/stj/skj h''' /s ɧ h/ |
| | *'''r l -d j''' /ɾ l ð j/ |
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| ===Nouns===
| | [w] is an allophone of hard /v/ after consonants. |
| Nouns only have two states (absolute and construct) and two numbers (singular and plural). The usual affixes are:
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| *plural absolute: ''-r''
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| *singular construct: ''-(y)th''
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| *plural construct: ''-(y)ph''
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| e.g. ''cuthr'' 'flower', ''cuthryr'' 'flowers'; ''chufn'' 'woman', ''chufnyr'' 'women'.
| | /t d tʰ s z n/ are dental(ized). |
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| The definite article is always ''i'', or ''in'' before a V.
| | ===Vowels=== |
| | | Anbirese has 7 vowel phonemes. ''eu'' /ɨ/ may be treated as a hard counterpart of ''i'' /i/: ''mi ni pi ti ki bi di gi fi vi'' are read as ''mji nji pji tji kji bji dji gji fji vji''. ''si zi li'' are an exception: they're pronounced [ɕi ʑi li]. |
| ===Verbs=== | |
| Tumaka verbs have two tenses (nonpast and past) and two aspects (imperfective and perfective). The imperfective-perfective distinction is characterized by the absolute-conjunct allomorphy inherited from [[Tigol]]. As in Slavic languages, the perfective form is often derived by adding a prefix, which causes the verb to take the conjunct form. Most Tumaka verbs thus have two principal parts: imperfective and perfective.
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| An example of the aspect allomorphy:
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| *'to tell': imperfective ''boŋi'', perfective ''simŋi''
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| *'to eat': imperfective ''cai'', perfective ''iŋcu''
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| [[Category:Tricin]] | | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
| | |- |
| | ! rowspan="2" | |
| | ! colspan="2" |Front |
| | ! rowspan="2" |Central |
| | ! rowspan="2" |Back |
| | |- |
| | ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small> |
| | ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small> |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Close |
| | | '''i''' /i/ |
| | | '''u''' /ü/ |
| | | '''eu''' [ɨ] |
| | | '''o''' /o~u/ |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Mid |
| | | '''ae, e''' /e̞/ |
| | | '''ö''' /ø~œ/ |
| | | '''eo''' [ə] |
| | | '''eo''' /ʌ~ɔ/ |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Open |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | '''a''' /ɐ/ |
| | | |
| | |} |