|
|
(714 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) |
Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]<br/>
| | Anglo-Swedo-Sino-Korean jokelang; include a xenic layer from a Pama-Nyungan-like language Dårle |
| [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
| |
| [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>
| |
|
| |
|
| {{Infobox language
| | Use "Fljeongmjeongths" somewhere |
| |image =
| |
| |imagesize =
| |
| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
| |
| |name = {{PAGENAME}}
| |
| |nativename = ''kat Anbirif''
| |
| |pronunciation=
| |
| |setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
| |
| |region = Talma
| |
| |familycolor=quihum
| |
| |fam1= [[Quihum languages|Quihum]]
| |
| |fam2= Talmic
| |
| |fam3= Tigolic
| |
| |script=Talmic alphabet
| |
| |iso3=
| |
| |notice=IPA
| |
| }}
| |
|
| |
|
| '''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''Anbirif'' /anbiriv/) is a major [[Talmic]] language descended from [[Tigol]], inspired by Korean (especially Sino-Korean), Swedish, Etruscan, Romani, and the Slavic languages. Compared to its relative [[Skellan]], it has a relatively conservative verb system. On the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] ({{SUBPAGENAME}}: ''i Smaouch'' /i smaukh/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence. {{SUBPAGENAME}} is the official language of the Talman nation [[Verse:Tricin/Anbir|Anbir]] and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; it is the largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers, though most modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} speakers know Skellan. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{SUBPAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. Like with German, there is a Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} and various regiolects.
| | Flijeon River |
|
| |
|
| Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{SUBPAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.
| | Andaegol |
| ==External history==
| |
| {{SUBPAGENAME}} began as ''Tíogall'', which was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Bhlaoighne]] or [[Clofabosin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still felt that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Skellan's "English"), so I decided to revive this project as "Anvyrese" or "Anvirese". One thing that was still nagging me was that the grammar was still too German for a country with a Germany-like history, so I decided to swap a minority Tigolic language "Tumaka" with "Anvirese", and this is the result.
| |
| ==Todo==
| |
| *Initial /sC/ clusters do not exist in Anbirese except in foreign names like ''Skeucis''. Speakers may pronounce them as tense stops.
| |
| *Dueum beopchik varies by accent; initial ri/rj-, r-, ni/nj- are conserved or altered. However, some words like ''i'' 'not' have it everywhere.
| |
| *obey < TELIC + 'listen' (like in Þiús'k)
| |
| *Conjunctions that take pronominal suffixes, like Arabic ''ʔinna'' and ''ʔanna'' (or maybe Bhlaoighne)
| |
| *Numbers: cia, tzyth, nesch, doiph, solitzh, stav, roith, loith, barph, cheour, echi, crai
| |
| *Swadesh list
| |
| *Tigol > {{SUBPAGENAME}} sound changes
| |
| **How do syllabic resonants arise?
| |
| **e.g. imm- > syllabic nasal
| |
| **car > cr 'person'
| |
| **mh > fh
| |
| *''gysph'' = narrow
| |
| *Some dialects are more Sino-Koreanish (more broad slender)
| |
| **a e i o u > y jy ji u u
| |
| **ai ei oi ui > e ji e i
| |
| **á éa í(o) ó ú > a je ji o ou
| |
| **ái éi ói úi éu > ai ji oi oui jaou
| |
| **eá eó eói iú iúi > ja jo joi jou joui
| |
| **ae ao aoi > e aou oi
| |
| **ia ua uai > jia oua oui
| |
| **jV changes the ''t'' series to the ''tz'' series - leaves other consonants unchanged in standard {{SUBPAGENAME}}
| |
| <poem>
| |
| plus, {{SUBPAGENAME}} has "accusativus in infinitivo"!
| |
| le could be omitted before indefinite nouns in modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}
| |
| but Maith Sivy always used it
| |
| that's one way of distinguishing archaic from modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}
| |
| another could be the use of the pronoun 'fiar'
| |
| which in modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} was completely replaced with 'scid'
| |
| ca-ephyth = of that
| |
| ca-leth = that (acc.)
| |
| ca-dzeth = in that; there
| |
| ma-, ca-, ta-, m-compounds: this, that, what, which
| |
| in that house = ca-dzen souar
| |
| or "dze cin souar"
| |
| both are valid
| |
| the first being more archaic
| |
| </poem>
| |
| a verbalizer like ''-ować''
| |
|
| |
|
| | Mjeolnir 'big hammer' -- hammer that periodically destroys the world (Sino-Korean myeol 'to wipe out') in Anbirese mythology? |
|
| |
|
| *Verb prefixes:
| | Mjeolbon 'Melbourne' |
| **''ar-'': on, at > ''ar-''
| |
| **''(deut.) as-'': telic > ''ys-''
| |
| **''(prot.) de-, (deut.) do-'': in, at > ''dze-'', ''do-''
| |
| **''é-'': with, co- > ''e-''
| |
| **''fin-''/''sin-'' = well, thoroughly > ''fin-''
| |
| **''for-'': causative, through > ''for-''
| |
| **''(prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-'': around, back > ''fl-''
| |
| **''imm-'': immediately > ''im-, m-, n-, ŋ-''
| |
| **''(prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-'': up, out > ''gol-''
| |
| **''ro-'': down > ''ro-''
| |
| **''sol-'': a causative > ''sol-''
| |
| **''(prot.) su-, (deut.) so-'': towards > ''su-''
| |
| **''(prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-'': back > ''sor-''
| |
| **''(prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-'': from > ''oc-''
| |
|
| |
|
| | brjedjeong |
| | |
| | sjeong - sky, skjeong - to clean |
| | |
| | Daerjeong-eup: town located where our timeline's Dwellingup is |
| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| ===Consonants=== | | ===Consonants=== |
| *kk g k ng /k g kʰ ŋ/ | | *'''k g ng''' /k g ŋ/ |
| *tt d t n /t d tʰ n/ | | *'''kj/tj gj/dj thj nj''' /tɕ d͡ʑ ɕ ɲ/ |
| *ttj dj tj /tʃ dʒ tʃʰ/
| | *'''t d th n''' /t d θ n/ |
| *cc z c /ts dz tsʰ/ | | *'''p b f v m''' /p b f v~w m/ |
| *pp b p m /p b pʰ m/ | | *'''s sj/stj/skj h''' /s ɧ h/ |
| *ff f ss s h /f v~fʰ ss z~sʰ h/ | | *'''r l -d j''' /ɾ l ð j/ |
| *r l j /r ɴ̆ j/ | |
|
| |
|
| At word-final position, the voicing distinction in unaspirated plosives is lost, and unaspirated plosives are unreleased.
| | [w] is an allophone of hard /v/ after consonants. |
|
| |
|
| Some consonants can be syllabic, namely ''m n ŋ l r''.
| | /t d tʰ s z n/ are dental(ized). |
|
| |
|
| ===Vowels=== | | ===Vowels=== |
| i eu u e/ae eo a o /i ü u e ə a o/
| | Anbirese has 7 vowel phonemes. ''eu'' /ɨ/ may be treated as a hard counterpart of ''i'' /i/: ''mi ni pi ti ki bi di gi fi vi'' are read as ''mji nji pji tji kji bji dji gji fji vji''. ''si zi li'' are an exception: they're pronounced [ɕi ʑi li]. |
| | |
| ===Stress===
| |
| Stress is always initial.
| |
| ===Prosody===
| |
| | |
| ==Morphology==
| |
| ===Mutations===
| |
| Unlike [[Tigol]], Tumaka has no mutation; instead, former feminine nouns often begin in an aspirated consonant, as a result of lenition after the definite article. (cf. [[Skellan]], where former feminine nouns begin in different consonants than former masculine nouns.)
| |
| | |
| ===Nouns===
| |
| Nouns only have two states (absolute and construct) and two numbers (singular and plural). The usual affixes are:
| |
| *plural absolute: ''-r''
| |
| *singular construct: ''-(y)th''
| |
| *plural construct: ''-(y)ph''
| |
| | |
| e.g. ''cythr'' 'flower', ''cythryr'' 'flowers'; ''chyvn'' 'woman', ''chyvnyr'' 'women'.
| |
| | |
| The definite article is always ''i'', or ''in'' before a V or after a preposition.
| |
| | |
| Possessive suffixes: mar-na, mar-s, mar-ou, mar-i, mar-yth, mar-ym, mar-fe, mar-yc, mar-ur (or mar-thur)
| |
| | |
| Plural: mar-ph-yna, mar-ph-s, mar-ph-ou, mar-ph-i, ...
| |
| | |
| ''i marna'' = my tree
| |
| | |
| ''i cythr suvn-yna'' = my beautiful flower | |
| | |
| ===Adjectives===
| |
| Adjectives do not inflect at all.
| |
| | |
| Adverbs derived from adjectives are unchanged (as in German).
| |
| | |
| ===Verbs===
| |
| {{SUBPAGENAME}} verbs have two tenses (nonpast and past) and two aspects (imperfective and perfective). The imperfective-perfective distinction is characterized by the absolute-conjunct allomorphy inherited from [[Tigol]]: As in Slavic languages, the perfective form is often formed by adding a prefix, which causes the verb stem to take the conjunct form. However, the perfective is sometimes marked with ablaut. Most {{SUBPAGENAME}} verbs thus have two principal parts: imperfective and perfective.
| |
| | |
| An example of the aspect allomorphy:
| |
| | |
| *'to tell': imperfective ''boŋi'', perfective ''simŋi''
| |
| *'to eat': imperfective ''dzecai'', perfective ''ŋci''
| |
| | |
| Past tense: usually ''-n'' (can be syllabic) (but sometimes ablaut?)
| |
| | |
| *'to tell': imperfective ''boŋin'', perfective ''smŋin''
| |
| *'to eat': imperfective ''dzecain'', perfective ''ŋcin''
| |
| | |
| ===Copula===
| |
| {{SUBPAGENAME}} is zero copula in the present tense; ''fou'', ''si'', ''jy'' and ''thar'' can be used as present tense copulas.
| |
| | |
| The past tense copula is ''lathn'' and the infinitive is ''fath''.
| |
| | |
| ===Pronouns===
| |
| na, scid, fou, si, jy, mech, tid, scid, thar = I, you, he, she, it, we (exc), we (inc), you, they
| |
| | |
| There is also an archaic 2nd person singular pronoun ''fiar'' 'thou'.
| |
| | |
| ===Prepositions===
| |
| *le = accusative (le + i > len) (only used with definite nouns in modern {{SUBPAGENAME}})
| |
| **''le-na, (le-s,) l-ou, l-i, l-eth, l-em, lef, lec, lur''
| |
| *dze = in, at (dze + i > dzen)
| |
| **''dze-na, (dze-s,) dz-ou, dz-i, dz-eth, dze-m, dzef, dzec, dzur''
| |
| *e = to, for
| |
| **''ena, (ephys), ephou, ephi, epheth, ephym, efe, ephyc, ephur''
| |
| | |
| ===Conjunctions===
| |
| ==Syntax==
| |
| {{SUBPAGENAME}} is particularly rich in non-finite subordinate clause constructions, which may be used when English uses subordinate clauses with finite verbs.
| |
| ===Negation===
| |
| The negation particle is ''da'' (preposed) for imperatives and ''tzin'' (preposed; from Tigol *ter ní- 'not once') otherwise.
| |
| | |
| ===Questions===
| |
| Wh-words are fronted. Yes-no questions use a question particle ''sm'' (< Tigol ''is'' question particle + ''imb'' complementizer) before the sentence.
| |
| | |
| ===Wishes/Jussive===
| |
| Wishes can be formed by using ''toumid'' (< Tigol ''tuabh mít'' 'who will grant') before a verb in the non-past tense.
| |
| | |
| ===Word order===
| |
| {{SUBPAGENAME}} word order is primarily SVO, but may be VSO in more archaic or literary usage.
| |
| | |
| ===Accusative with infinitive===
| |
| The accusative particle ''le'' can be used to introduce the subject of a dependent clause. The verb of the dependent clause is preceded by the particle ''e'' 'to'.
| |
| | |
| :'''''Na docn le mrothr e slav eph Intar.''''' | |
| :1SG think.IPFV ACC apple-PL INF good to I.
| |
| :''I think Intar likes apples.''
| |
| | |
| ===Preposition + verb clauses===
| |
| A preposition may be used with a verb followed by a possessive suffix indexing the subject, as in Hebrew and Irish.
| |
| | |
| An example with ''dze'' 'at':
| |
| :'''''dze argiarna ar i loichou'''''
| |
| :at keep_watch.IPFV-1SG on DEF stuff-3SG.M
| |
| :''when I was keeping watch on his belongings''
| |
|
| |
|
| [[Category:Tricin]] | | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
| | |- |
| | ! rowspan="2" | |
| | ! colspan="2" |Front |
| | ! rowspan="2" |Central |
| | ! rowspan="2" |Back |
| | |- |
| | ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small> |
| | ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small> |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Close |
| | | '''i''' /i/ |
| | | '''u''' /ü/ |
| | | '''eu''' [ɨ] |
| | | '''o''' /o~u/ |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Mid |
| | | '''ae, e''' /e̞/ |
| | | '''ö''' /ø~œ/ |
| | | '''eo''' [ə] |
| | | '''eo''' /ʌ~ɔ/ |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Open |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | '''a''' /ɐ/ |
| | | |
| | |} |