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|image = Ahba.svg
|image = Ahba.svg
|imagesize = 100px
|imagesize = 100px
|imagecaption = [[Verse:Ash/Onnawasta|Onnawasta]] (''oadna-oasda''), emblem of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]]
|name = Ash
|name = Ash
|nativename = ''ahgaa''
|nativename = ''ahgaa''
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==Introduction==
==Introduction==


'''Ash''' (''ahgaa'', lit. "seaspeak", IPA [ˈʔɑħˌqɑː]) is the anglicised name of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas, notably the town of Appa (''ahba''). Its speakers are familiar with technological advancements such as nautical vessels and steam locomotives.
'''Ash''' (''ahgaa'', lit. "seaspeak", IPA [ˈʔɑħˌqɑː]) is the anglicised name of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas, notably the town of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] (''ahba''). Its speakers are familiar with technological advancements such as nautical vessels and steam locomotives.


The language is mildly synthetic to polysynthetic, largely based around agglutination with fusional elements. There is a great focus on verbs, nominals being mostly uninflected, and significant pro-drop tendencies and a general focus around deixis rather than pronominal distinctions. The word order is heavily SOV.
The language is synthetic, largely based around agglutination with fusional elements. There is a great focus on verbs, nominals being mostly uninflected, and significant pro-drop tendencies and a general focus around deixis rather than pronominal distinctions. The word order is heavily SOV.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Vocalic
! Vocalic
| {{IPA|/a~Ø i~j~Ø u~w~Ø/}}
| {{IPA|/a i~j u~w/}}
|-
|-
! Plosive
! Plosive
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|}
|}


The reasoning for this rather unusual classification is down to phonotactic patterning: these five groups all behave somewhat differently and serve as a more useful distinction than point of articulation when describing the phonology of Ash. The pair or triplet given for each phoneme refers to an alternation between various allophonic realisations despite the relatively low number of underlying sounds, an important feature of the language that makes the variation richer on the surface. For instance, long vowels (romanised by doubling the vowel) and nasal vowels (romanised using a tilde) are not analysed as phonemic.
The reasoning for this rather unusual classification is down to phonotactic patterning: these five groups all behave somewhat differently and serve as a more useful distinction than point of articulation when describing the phonology of Ash. The pair given for each phoneme refers to an alternation between various allophonic realisations despite the relatively low number of underlying sounds, an important feature of the language that makes the variation richer on the surface. For instance, long vowels (romanised by doubling the vowel) and nasal vowels (romanised using a tilde) are not analysed as phonemic.


===Romanisation===
===Romanisation===


The romanisation strikes a balance between representing phonemes versus surface realisations and uses the following seventeen letters:
The romanisation strikes a balance between representing phonemes versus surface realisations and uses the following seventeen letters as well as an apostrophe for contractions:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| d
| d
| g
| g
| m
| n
| ŋ
| l
| l
| s
| s
| h
| h
| m
| ʼ
| n
| ŋ
|}
|}


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===Prosody and stress===
===Prosody and stress===


Prefixes are always unstressed. Following the last stressed syllable an iambic pattern of secondary stress on every other underlyingly light syllable follows unless an underlyingly heavy syllable intervenes, resetting the pattern. In addition, unless at the end of a word, stressed syllables are forced to be heavy either by lengthening of the vowel or reduplication of the next syllable's onset consonant if they are not already underlyingly so.
Prefixes are always unstressed. Following the last stressed syllable an iambic pattern of secondary stress on every other underlyingly light syllable follows unless an underlyingly heavy syllable intervenes, resetting the pattern. In addition, stressed syllables are forced to be heavy either by lengthening of the vowel or reduplication of the next syllable's onset consonant if they are not already underlyingly so.


===Phonological processes===
===Phonological processes===
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* All plosives alternate phonemically with fricatives or affricates before another plosive or an affricate.
* All plosives alternate phonemically with fricatives or affricates before another plosive or an affricate.
* /h~ʔ/ (and plosives before nasals) is a fricative before vowels/glides and plosives but a glottal stop before nasals and affricates.
* /h~ʔ/ (and plosives before nasals) is a fricative before vowels/glides and plosives but a glottal stop before nasals and affricates.
* Affricates are fricatives intervocalically, before other plosives or affricates, word-finally and before nasals (which are prestopped).
* Affricates are deäffricated intervocalically, before other plosives or affricates, word-finally and before nasals (which are prestopped).


<div style="float: left">
<div style="float: left">
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|-
|-
! {{IPA|//t͡ɬ-//}}
! {{IPA|//t͡ɬ-//}}
|colspan="2"| <center>[ɬ.ɬ]</center>
| [ʎ.ʎ]
| [ɫ.ɫ]
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
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! {{IPA|//h-//}}
! {{IPA|//h-//}}
| [ħ.P]
| [ħ.P]
| [ħ.P͡F]
| [ʔ.P͡F]
| /ʔ.ᴰN/
| /ʔ.ᴰN/
|}
|}
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</div>
</div>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
===Laterals===
The lateral affricate /t͡ɬ/ patterns phonotactically just like the sibilant affricate /t͡s/ but is in many deäffricated contexts no longer produced as a fricative, but as an approximant. In contexts where the affrication remains, regardless of voicing, so does the frication, i.e. [t͡ɬ~d͡ɮ]. In leniting contexts the realisation depends on the environment, remaining a fricative [ɬ] in a voiceless environment while defaulting to a pure lateral approximant [l] in a voiced one, but when geminated by the absorption of a following glide it assimilates to it as either [ʎ] or [ɫ].


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
! colspan="5" | Stem
! colspan="5" | Stem
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|-
| Deixis
| Deixis
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! Stative
! Stative
! Active
! Active
! Transitional
! Inchoative
! Terminative
|-
|-
! Indicative
! Indicative
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| ''oahda''
| ''oahda''
| ''oadna''
| ''oadna''
| ''oasda''
|-
|-
! Optative
! Optative
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| ''oadse''
| ''oadse''
| ''oadne''
| ''oadne''
| ''oasdse''
|}
|}


All of these terms are to an extent ad hoc. Some verbs are inherently stative or active and do not have two distinct stems. The transitional is often used in a perfective sense as opposed to the imperfective or habitual active or stative.
All of these terms are to an extent ad hoc. Some verbs are inherently stative or active and do not have two distinct stems. The inchoative is often used in a perfective sense as opposed to the imperfective or habitual active or stative.


====Derived verbs====
====Derived verbs====


Derivational suffixes can be used to extend the root and create a new set of stems, such as the causative ''-j-'', the potential ''-d-'' and the frequentative ''-(d)s-'', which can themselves, depending on the word, be stative or active (all derived verbs are inherently one or the other or both and do not display the allomorphy of basic verbs), transitional and so on. These are some of the words derived from ''oo'' "consume":
Derivational suffixes can be used to extend the root and create a new set of stems, such as the causative ''-j-'' or the frequentative ''-(d)s-'', which can themselves, depending on the word, be stative or active (all derived verbs are inherently one or the other or both and do not display the allomorphy of basic verbs), inchoative, terminative and so on. These are some of the words derived from ''oo'' "consume":


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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! Stative
! Stative
! Active
! Active
! Transitional
! Inchoative
! Terminative
|-
|-
! Basic
! Basic
| colspan="2" | <center>'''''oo''''' "eat"</center>
| colspan="2" | <center>'''''oo''''' "eat"</center>
| ''oona''
| ''oona''
| ''ooda''
|-
|-
! Causative
! Causative
| colspan="2" | <center>''oyya'' "feed"</center>
| colspan="2" | <center>''oyya'' "feed"</center>
| ''oena''
| ''oena''
|-
| ''oeda''
! Potential
| colspan="2" | <center>''ooda'' "edible"</center>
| ''odna''
|-
|-
! Frequentative
! Frequentative
| colspan="2" | <center>''odsa'' "gorge"</center>
| colspan="2" | <center>''odsa'' "gorge"</center>
| ''osdna''
| ''osdna''
| ''osda''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! Durative
! Durative
| ''-(w)o''
| ''-wo''
| ''oadnawo'' "when it gets bright; in the morning"
| ''oadnawo'' "when it gets bright; in the morning"
|-
|-
! Benefactive
! Benefactive
| ''-(w)a''
| ''-wa''
| ''eewa'' "in order to see"
| ''eewa'' "in order to see"
|-
! Semblative
| ''-ya''
| ''eyya'' "like this"
|}
|}


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|}
|}


Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals ''ee'' and ''oo'' as well as verbal and possessive prefixes ''e-'' and ''o-''. Despite their conventional romanisation ''ee'' and ''oo'' are not pronounced *[-i̯eː-] and *[-u̯oː-]. They are respectively irregularly reduced forms of *''eyye'' and *''owwo'' that tend to blend into the next word, often as [-e̞(ː)ɪ̯]~[-e̞j-] and [-o̞(ː)ʊ̯]~[-o̞w-], but also with the glide assimilating, leading to forms such as [-ɪw-] and [-ʊj-]. This also goes for the proximal-proximal reflexive prefix ''ee-'' (reduced from *''eye-'') and the distal-distal counterpart ''oo-'' (reduced from *''owo-''). This includes converbs such as the locative ''eeda'' "here" [ˈe̞ːi̯.ðɐ]. They can be thought of as *''ey'' and *''ow'' but due to their exceptionality and for consistency with the use of ''e'' and ''o'' for semivowels elsewhere (as in ''ae'' and ''ao'') it has been decided that they be spelled the way they are.
Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals ''eyʼ'' and ''owʼ'', shortened forms of ''eyya'' and ''owwa'' that tend to blend into the next word, often as [-e̞(ː)ɪ̯]~[-e̞j-] and [-o̞(ː)ʊ̯]~[-o̞w-], but also with the glide assimilating, leading to forms such as [-ɪw-] and [-ʊj-].


===Conjunct and disjunct verbs===
===Conjunct and disjunct verbs===
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|-
|-
! Conjunct
! Conjunct
| ''(ee go) oada<u>s</u>''<br />"I am pale"
| ''(eyʼ go) oada<u>s</u>''<br />"I am pale"
| -
| -
| ''(ee go) oada<u>s</u> no?''<br />"are you pale?"
| ''(eyʼ go) oada<u>s</u> no?''<br />"are you pale?"
| -
| -
|-
|-
! Disjunct
! Disjunct
| ''(ee go) oada''<br />"you are pale"
| ''(eyʼ go) oada''<br />"you are pale"
| ''(oo go) oada''<br />"they are pale"
| ''(owʼ go) oada''<br />"they are pale"
| ''(ee go) oada no?''<br />"am I pale?"
| ''(eyʼ go) oada no?''<br />"am I pale?"
| ''(oo go) oada no?''<br />"are they pale?"
| ''(owʼ go) oada no?''<br />"are they pale?"
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! Conjunct
! Conjunct
| ''(ee go) ahhee<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at you"
| ''(eyʼ go) ahhee<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at you"
| ''(ee go) assee<u>s</u>''<br />"you look at me"
| ''(eyʼ go) assee<u>s</u>''<br />"you look at me"
| ''(oo go) ahhee<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at them"
| ''(owʼ go) ahhee<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at them"
| ''(oo go) assee<u>s</u>''<br />"they look at me"
| ''(owʼ go) assee<u>s</u>''<br />"they look at me"
|-
|-
! Disjunct
! Disjunct
| ''(ee go) ahhee''<br />"you look at them"
| ''(eyʼ go) ahhee''<br />"you look at them"
| ''(ee go) assee''<br />"they look at you"
| ''(eyʼ go) assee''<br />"they look at you"
| ''(oo go) ahhee''<br />"they<sub>1</sub> look at them<sub>2</sub>"
| ''(owʼ go) ahhee''<br />"they<sub>1</sub> look at them<sub>2</sub>"
| ''(oo go) assee''<br />"they<sub>2</sub> look at them<sub>1</sub>"
| ''(owʼ go) assee''<br />"they<sub>2</sub> look at them<sub>1</sub>"
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! Conjunct target
! Conjunct target
| ''(ee go) oada<u>s</u> (ee go) ogaa<u>s</u>''<br />"I said I am pale"
| ''(eyʼ go) oada<u>s</u> (eyʼ go) ogaa<u>s</u>''<br />"I said I am pale"
| ''(ee go) oada<u>s</u> (ee go) ogaa''<br />"you said you are pale"
| ''(eyʼ go) oada<u>s</u> (eyʼ go) ogaa''<br />"you said you are pale"
| ''(oo go) oada<u>s</u> (oo go) ogaa''<br />"they<sub>1</sub> said they<sub>1</sub> are pale"
| ''(owʼ go) oada<u>s</u> (owʼ go) ogaa''<br />"they<sub>1</sub> said they<sub>1</sub> are pale"
|-
|-
! Disjunct target
! Disjunct target
| ''(ee go) oada (ee go) ogaa<u>s</u>''<br />"I said you are pale"
| ''(eyʼ go) oada (eyʼ go) ogaa<u>s</u>''<br />"I said you are pale"
| ''(ee go) oada (ee go) ogaa''<br />"you said I am pale"
| ''(eyʼ go) oada (eyʼ go) ogaa''<br />"you said I am pale"
| ''(oo go) oada (oo go) ogaa''<br />"they<sub>1</sub> said they<sub>2</sub> are pale"
| ''(owʼ go) oada (owʼ go) ogaa''<br />"they<sub>1</sub> said they<sub>2</sub> are pale"
|}
|}


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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase=emmõõ bo ao ehbadsas
|phrase=emmõõ bo ao ehbadsas
|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ je̞ħˈpɑħ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]
|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ je̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC ao PROX-TV-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC ao PROX-TV-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=oadnawo aesããs
|phrase=oadnawo ayʼsããs
|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ.wʊ ʔɐɪ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ːs̠]
|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ.wʊ ʔɐɪ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ːs̠]
|gloss=shine.TRANS.IND-CVB:DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND-CONJ
|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND-CONJ
|translation=I wash in the morning
|translation=I wash in the morning
}}
}}


|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=oadnawo ao go aosãã ma
|phrase=oadnawo ao go awʼsãã ma
|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ.wʊ ʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣo̞ ʔɐʊ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ː‿mɐ]
|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ.wʊ ʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣo̞ ʔɐʊ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ː‿mɐ]
|gloss=shine.TRANS.IND-CVB:DUR ao TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND NEG
|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR ao TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND NEG
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=emmõõ bo ee ehbadsas
|phrase=emmõõ bo eyʼ ehbadsas
|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈje̞j‿je̞ħˈpɑħ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]
|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈje̞j‿je̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-TV-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-TV-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ
|translation=you are braiding my hair
|translation=you are braiding my hair
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=emmõõ bo ee eebadsas
|phrase=emmõõ bo eyʼ eyʼbadsas
|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈje̞j‿je̞ɪ̯ˈβɑħ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]
|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈje̞j‿je̞ɪ̯ˈβɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ
|translation=I am braiding my hair
|translation=I am braiding my hair
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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase=ao go bahba mee<u>da</u> odsãmmoyya
|phrase=ao go bahba mee<u>da</u> odsãmmoyya
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ˈmʲi̯eː.ðɐ wo̞ħˈt̠͡s̠ɑ̃mˌmʊj.jɐ]
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ˈmʲi̯eː.ðɐ wo̞ʔˈt̠͡s̠ɑ̃mˌmʊj.jɐ]
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog fire-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-TV-water-consume.CAUS.IND
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog fire-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-TV-water-consume.CAUS.IND
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire
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|-
|-
! Animate
! Animate
| ''bahba go ahhoo''<br />"dogs eat it"
| ''bahba go ahhee''<br />"dogs see it"
| ''bahba go assoo''<br />"dogs are eaten"
| ''bahba go assee''<br />"dogs are seen"
|-
|-
! Inanimate
! Inanimate
| ''sãã sa ahhoo''<br />"water is drunk"
| ''sãã sa ahhee''<br />"water is seen"
| ''*sãã sa assoo''<br />(ungrammatical)
| ''*sãã sa assee''<br />(ungrammatical)
|}
|}


===Topicalisation===
===Topicalisation===


New non-verbal information is focused by fronting, i.e. introducing the word or phrase earlier in the sentence. This means that the order of subject and object might shift in order to focus on the object. When the object is inanimate inversion is not possible nor necessary, while for an animate object it is. The nominal in focus will also receive a topic marker, explained in detail in the section on locative verbs.
New non-verbal information is focused by fronting, i.e. introducing the word or phrase earlier in the sentence. This means that the order of subject and object might shift in order to focus on the object. When the object is inanimate inversion is not possible nor necessary, while for an animate object it is. The nominal in focus also receives a topic marker, explained in detail in the section on locative verbs.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase=[oo oahdawo bahba go ossoena]<sub>1</sub> [ee oahdawo esseenas]<sub>2</sub>
|phrase=[owʼ oahdawo bahba go ossoena]<sub>1</sub> [eyʼ oahdawo esseenas]<sub>2</sub>
|IPA=[ˈʔo̞w‿ˈwɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐ.wʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ wʊs̠ˈs̠ʊːɪ̯.n̠ɐ ˈjɪw‿ˈwɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐ.wʊ jɪɕˈɕi̯eː.n̠ɐs̠]
|IPA=[ˈʔo̞w‿ˈwɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐ.wʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ wʊs̠ˈs̠ʊːɪ̯.n̠ɐ ˈjɪw‿ˈwɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐ.wʊ jɪɕˈɕi̯eː.n̠ɐs̠]
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.TRANS.IND]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.TRANS.IND-CONJ]<sub>2</sub>
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.INCH.IND]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ]<sub>2</sub>
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub>
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub>
}}
}}
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|phrase=bahba go oada esseenas no
|phrase=bahba go oada esseenas no
|IPA=[ˈbɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ˈwɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ jɪɕˈɕi̯eː.n̠ɐz̠‿ᵈn̠ʊ]
|IPA=[ˈbɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ˈwɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ jɪɕˈɕi̯eː.n̠ɐz̠‿ᵈn̠ʊ]
|gloss=dog TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND PROX-INV-see.TRANS.IND-CONJ Q
|gloss=dog TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ Q
|translation=have you seen the white dog?
|translation=have you seen the white dog?
}}
}}
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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase=emmõõ bo ao ehbadsas
|phrase=emmõõ bo ao ehbadsas
|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ je̞ħˈpɑħ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]
|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ je̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC ao PROX-TV-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC ao PROX-TV-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
}}
}}
Unstressed locatives also apply to the pronominal-like nominals ''ee'' "this", ''oo'' "that", ''nõõ'' "what" and ''maa'' "none".


===Conjunction===
===Conjunction===
Line 708: Line 720:


{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase=ao go bahba go ooda egoo
|phrase=ao go bahba go owʼda egoo
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ˈwo̞ːʊ̯.ðɐ jɪˈɣu̯oː]
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ˈwo̞ːʊ̯.ðɐ jɪˈɣu̯oː]
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND
Line 730: Line 742:
|phrase=ao go negoona
|phrase=ao go negoona
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣo̞ ɲɪˈɣu̯oː.n̠ɐ]
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣo̞ ɲɪˈɣu̯oː.n̠ɐ]
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT SUB-LOC:ACT.TRANS.IND
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT SUB-LOC:ACT.INCH.IND
|translation=Ao moves down
|translation=Ao moves down
}}
}}
Line 751: Line 763:
|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=ao sada laa
|phrase=ao sada laa
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿z̠ɐ.ðɐ ˈɮɑː]
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿z̠ɐ.ðɐ ˈlɑː]
|gloss=sea TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.IND
|gloss=sea TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.IND
|translation=(be) by the sea
|translation=(be) by the sea
Line 795: Line 807:
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase=ahba lada ao go esdsoes
|phrase=ahba lada ao go esdsoes
|IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐ‿ˌɮɐ.ðɐ ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣo̞ jɪɕˈȶ͡ɕʊːɪ̯ɕ]
|IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐ‿ˌlɐ.ðɐ ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣo̞ jɪɕˈȶ͡ɕʊːɪ̯ɕ]
|gloss=appa TOP:STAT-CVB:LOC ao TOP:ACT PROX-INV-LOC:DOM.STAT/ACT.OPT-CONJ
|gloss=appa TOP:STAT-CVB:LOC ao TOP:ACT PROX-INV-LOC:DOM.STAT/ACT.OPT-CONJ
|translation=I'm on my way to visit Ao in Appa
|translation=I'm on my way to visit Ao in Appa
Line 804: Line 816:
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase=ahba lada esoonas
|phrase=ahba lada esoonas
|IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐ‿ˌɮɐ.ðɐ jɪˈz̠u̯oː.n̠ɐs̠]
|IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐ‿ˌlɐ.ðɐ jɪˈz̠u̯oː.n̠ɐs̠]
|gloss=appa TOP:STAT-CVB:LOC PROX-LOC:DOM.TRANS.IND-CONJ
|gloss=appa TOP:STAT-CVB:LOC PROX-LOC:DOM.INCH.IND-CONJ
|translation=I've moved to Appa
|translation=I've moved to Appa
}}
}}
Line 811: Line 823:
===Colour terms===
===Colour terms===


While most descriptive attributes are expressed through stative verbs, colours are expressed through comparative converbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as ''mee'' "fire" → ''meyya'' "red; yellow; orange; brown" or ''ao'' "sea" → ''ayya'' "blue; green". These are combined with locative verbs.
Colours are mainly expressed through comparative stative verbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as ''mee'' "fire" → ''meyya'' "red; yellow; orange; brown" or ''ao'' "sea" → ''ayya'' "blue; green". These are combined with locative verbs.


{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase=meyya bahba go
|phrase=meyya bahba go
|IPA=[ˈme̞j.jɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣʊ]
|IPA=[ˈme̞j.jɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣʊ]
|gloss=fire-CVB:SEMB dog TOP:ACT
|gloss=fire.SEMB.STAT.IND dog TOP:ACT
|translation=a brown dog
|translation=a brown dog
}}
}}


The exceptions are brightness and darkness which are still expressed through stative verbs, which can also be combined with the comparative converb to specify the hue.
Some are expressed through non-derived verbs like ''oada''.


{|
{{gloss
 
|phrase=oada bahba go
|{{gloss
|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞]
|phrase=bahba go oada
|gloss=shine.STAT.IND dog TOP:ACT
|IPA=[ˈbɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ˈwɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ]
|gloss=dog TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND
|translation=a white dog
|translation=a white dog
}}
}}
|{{gloss
|phrase=meyya bahba go oada
|IPA=[ˈme̞j.jɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ˈwɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ]
|gloss=fire-SEMB dog TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND
|translation=a light brown dog
}}
|}


[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
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