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|image = Ahba.svg | |image = Ahba.svg | ||
|imagesize = 100px | |imagesize = 100px | ||
|imagecaption = [[Verse:Ash/Onnawasta|Onnawasta]] (''oadna-oasda''), emblem of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] | |||
|name = Ash | |name = Ash | ||
|nativename = ''ahgaa'' | |nativename = ''ahgaa'' | ||
| Line 12: | Line 13: | ||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
'''Ash''' (''ahgaa'', lit. "seaspeak", IPA [ˈʔɑħˌqɑː]) is the anglicised name of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas, notably the town of Appa (''ahba''). Its speakers are familiar with technological advancements such as nautical vessels and steam locomotives. | '''Ash''' (''ahgaa'', lit. "seaspeak", IPA [ˈʔɑħˌqɑː]) is the anglicised name of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas, notably the town of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] (''ahba''). Its speakers are familiar with technological advancements such as nautical vessels and steam locomotives. | ||
The language is | The language is synthetic, largely based around agglutination with fusional elements. There is a great focus on verbs, nominals being mostly uninflected, and significant pro-drop tendencies and a general focus around deixis rather than pronominal distinctions. The word order is heavily SOV. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! Vocalic | ! Vocalic | ||
| {{IPA|/a | | {{IPA|/a i~j u~w/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Plosive | ! Plosive | ||
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|} | |} | ||
The reasoning for this rather unusual classification is down to phonotactic patterning: these five groups all behave somewhat differently and serve as a more useful distinction than point of articulation when describing the phonology of Ash. The pair | The reasoning for this rather unusual classification is down to phonotactic patterning: these five groups all behave somewhat differently and serve as a more useful distinction than point of articulation when describing the phonology of Ash. The pair given for each phoneme refers to an alternation between various allophonic realisations despite the relatively low number of underlying sounds, an important feature of the language that makes the variation richer on the surface. For instance, long vowels (romanised by doubling the vowel) and nasal vowels (romanised using a tilde) are not analysed as phonemic. | ||
===Romanisation=== | ===Romanisation=== | ||
The romanisation strikes a balance between representing phonemes versus surface realisations and uses the following seventeen letters: | The romanisation strikes a balance between representing phonemes versus surface realisations and uses the following seventeen letters as well as an apostrophe for contractions: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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| s | | s | ||
| h | | h | ||
| ʼ | |||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 94: | Line 96: | ||
===Prosody and stress=== | ===Prosody and stress=== | ||
Prefixes are always unstressed. Following the last stressed syllable an iambic pattern of secondary stress on every other underlyingly light syllable follows unless an underlyingly heavy syllable intervenes, resetting the pattern. In addition | Prefixes are always unstressed. Following the last stressed syllable an iambic pattern of secondary stress on every other underlyingly light syllable follows unless an underlyingly heavy syllable intervenes, resetting the pattern. In addition, stressed syllables are forced to be heavy either by lengthening of the vowel or reduplication of the next syllable's onset consonant if they are not already underlyingly so. | ||
===Phonological processes=== | ===Phonological processes=== | ||
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* All plosives alternate phonemically with fricatives or affricates before another plosive or an affricate. | * All plosives alternate phonemically with fricatives or affricates before another plosive or an affricate. | ||
* /h~ʔ/ (and plosives before nasals) is a fricative before vowels/glides and plosives but a glottal stop before nasals and affricates. | * /h~ʔ/ (and plosives before nasals) is a fricative before vowels/glides and plosives but a glottal stop before nasals and affricates. | ||
* Affricates are | * Affricates are deäffricated intervocalically, before other plosives or affricates, word-finally and before nasals (which are prestopped). | ||
<div style="float: left"> | <div style="float: left"> | ||
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===Laterals=== | ===Laterals=== | ||
The lateral | The lateral affricate /t͡ɬ/ patterns phonotactically just like the sibilant affricate /t͡s/ but is in many deäffricated contexts no longer produced as a fricative, but as an approximant. In contexts where the affrication remains, regardless of voicing, so does the frication, i.e. [t͡ɬ~d͡ɮ]. In leniting contexts the realisation depends on the environment, remaining a fricative [ɬ] in a voiceless environment while defaulting to a pure lateral approximant [l] in a voiced one, but when geminated by the absorption of a following glide it assimilates to it as either [ʎ] or [ɫ]. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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| colspan="4" | | | colspan="4" | | ||
! colspan="5" | Stem | ! colspan="5" | Stem | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="2" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Deixis | | Deixis | ||
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! Stative | ! Stative | ||
! Active | ! Active | ||
! | ! Inchoative | ||
! Terminative | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Indicative | ! Indicative | ||
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| ''oahda'' | | ''oahda'' | ||
| ''oadna'' | | ''oadna'' | ||
| ''oasda'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Optative | ! Optative | ||
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| ''oadse'' | | ''oadse'' | ||
| ''oadne'' | | ''oadne'' | ||
| ''oasdse'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
All of these terms are to an extent ad hoc. Some verbs are inherently stative or active and do not have two distinct stems. The | All of these terms are to an extent ad hoc. Some verbs are inherently stative or active and do not have two distinct stems. The inchoative is often used in a perfective sense as opposed to the imperfective or habitual active or stative. | ||
====Derived verbs==== | ====Derived verbs==== | ||
Derivational suffixes can be used to extend the root and create a new set of stems, such as the causative ''-j-'' or the frequentative ''-(d)s-'', which can themselves, depending on the word, be stative or active (all derived verbs are inherently one or the other or both and do not display the allomorphy of basic verbs), | Derivational suffixes can be used to extend the root and create a new set of stems, such as the causative ''-j-'' or the frequentative ''-(d)s-'', which can themselves, depending on the word, be stative or active (all derived verbs are inherently one or the other or both and do not display the allomorphy of basic verbs), inchoative, terminative and so on. These are some of the words derived from ''oo'' "consume": | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| Line 235: | Line 240: | ||
! Stative | ! Stative | ||
! Active | ! Active | ||
! | ! Inchoative | ||
! Terminative | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Basic | ! Basic | ||
| colspan="2" | <center>'''''oo''''' "eat"</center> | | colspan="2" | <center>'''''oo''''' "eat"</center> | ||
| ''oona'' | | ''oona'' | ||
| ''ooda'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Causative | ! Causative | ||
| colspan="2" | <center>''oyya'' "feed"</center> | | colspan="2" | <center>''oyya'' "feed"</center> | ||
| ''oena'' | | ''oena'' | ||
| ''oeda'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Frequentative | ! Frequentative | ||
| colspan="2" | <center>''odsa'' "gorge"</center> | | colspan="2" | <center>''odsa'' "gorge"</center> | ||
| ''osdna'' | | ''osdna'' | ||
| ''osda'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
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|phrase=oadnawo ayʼsããs | |phrase=oadnawo ayʼsããs | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ.wʊ ʔɐɪ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ːs̠] | |IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ.wʊ ʔɐɪ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ːs̠] | ||
|gloss=shine. | |gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=I wash in the morning | |translation=I wash in the morning | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|phrase=oadnawo ao go awʼsãã ma | |phrase=oadnawo ao go awʼsãã ma | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ.wʊ ʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣo̞ ʔɐʊ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ː‿mɐ] | |IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ.wʊ ʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣo̞ ʔɐʊ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ː‿mɐ] | ||
|gloss=shine. | |gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR ao TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND NEG | ||
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning | |translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Animate | ! Animate | ||
| ''bahba go | | ''bahba go ahhee''<br />"dogs see it" | ||
| ''bahba go | | ''bahba go assee''<br />"dogs are seen" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Inanimate | ! Inanimate | ||
| ''sãã sa | | ''sãã sa ahhee''<br />"water is seen" | ||
| ''*sãã sa | | ''*sãã sa assee''<br />(ungrammatical) | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Topicalisation=== | ===Topicalisation=== | ||
New non-verbal information is focused by fronting, i.e. introducing the word or phrase earlier in the sentence. This means that the order of subject and object might shift in order to focus on the object. When the object is inanimate inversion is not possible nor necessary, while for an animate object it is. The nominal in focus | New non-verbal information is focused by fronting, i.e. introducing the word or phrase earlier in the sentence. This means that the order of subject and object might shift in order to focus on the object. When the object is inanimate inversion is not possible nor necessary, while for an animate object it is. The nominal in focus also receives a topic marker, explained in detail in the section on locative verbs. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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|phrase=[owʼ oahdawo bahba go ossoena]<sub>1</sub> [eyʼ oahdawo esseenas]<sub>2</sub> | |phrase=[owʼ oahdawo bahba go ossoena]<sub>1</sub> [eyʼ oahdawo esseenas]<sub>2</sub> | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔo̞w‿ˈwɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐ.wʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ wʊs̠ˈs̠ʊːɪ̯.n̠ɐ ˈjɪw‿ˈwɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐ.wʊ jɪɕˈɕi̯eː.n̠ɐs̠] | |IPA=[ˈʔo̞w‿ˈwɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐ.wʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ wʊs̠ˈs̠ʊːɪ̯.n̠ɐ ˈjɪw‿ˈwɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐ.wʊ jɪɕˈɕi̯eː.n̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS. | |gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.INCH.IND]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ]<sub>2</sub> | ||
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub> | |translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub> | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|phrase=bahba go oada esseenas no | |phrase=bahba go oada esseenas no | ||
|IPA=[ˈbɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ˈwɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ jɪɕˈɕi̯eː.n̠ɐz̠‿ᵈn̠ʊ] | |IPA=[ˈbɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ˈwɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ jɪɕˈɕi̯eː.n̠ɐz̠‿ᵈn̠ʊ] | ||
|gloss=dog TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND PROX-INV-see. | |gloss=dog TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ Q | ||
|translation=have you seen the white dog? | |translation=have you seen the white dog? | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ao go bahba go | |phrase=ao go bahba go owʼda egoo | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ˈwo̞ːʊ̯.ðɐ jɪˈɣu̯oː] | ||
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there | |translation=Ao and the dog are over there | ||
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|phrase=ao go negoona | |phrase=ao go negoona | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣo̞ ɲɪˈɣu̯oː.n̠ɐ] | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣo̞ ɲɪˈɣu̯oː.n̠ɐ] | ||
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT SUB-LOC:ACT. | |gloss=ao TOP:ACT SUB-LOC:ACT.INCH.IND | ||
|translation=Ao moves down | |translation=Ao moves down | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|phrase=ahba lada esoonas | |phrase=ahba lada esoonas | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐ‿ˌlɐ.ðɐ jɪˈz̠u̯oː.n̠ɐs̠] | |IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐ‿ˌlɐ.ðɐ jɪˈz̠u̯oː.n̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=appa TOP:STAT-CVB:LOC PROX-LOC:DOM. | |gloss=appa TOP:STAT-CVB:LOC PROX-LOC:DOM.INCH.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=I've moved to Appa | |translation=I've moved to Appa | ||
}} | }} | ||
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===Colour terms=== | ===Colour terms=== | ||
Colours are mainly expressed through comparative stative verbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as ''mee'' "fire" → ''meyya'' "red; yellow; orange; brown" or ''ao'' "sea" → ''ayya'' "blue; green". These are combined with locative verbs. | |||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=meyya bahba go | |phrase=meyya bahba go | ||
|IPA=[ˈme̞j.jɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣʊ] | |IPA=[ˈme̞j.jɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣʊ] | ||
|gloss=fire | |gloss=fire.SEMB.STAT.IND dog TOP:ACT | ||
|translation=a brown dog | |translation=a brown dog | ||
}} | }} | ||
Some are expressed through non-derived verbs like ''oada''. | |||
{{gloss | |||
|phrase=oada bahba go | |||
|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞] | |||
|phrase=bahba go | |gloss=shine.STAT.IND dog TOP:ACT | ||
|IPA=[ | |||
|gloss= | |||
|translation=a white dog | |translation=a white dog | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||