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Ash: Difference between revisions
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|image = Ahba.svg | |image = Ahba.svg | ||
|imagesize = 100px | |imagesize = 100px | ||
|imagecaption = Onnawasta ('' | |imagecaption = [[Verse:Ash/Onnawasta|Onnawasta]] (''oadna-oasda''), emblem of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] | ||
|name = Ash | |name = Ash | ||
|nativename = ''ahgaa'' | |nativename = ''ahgaa'' | ||
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
'''Ash''' (''ahgaa'', lit. "seaspeak", IPA [ˈʔɑħˌqɑː]) is the anglicised name of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas, notably the town of Appa (''ahba''). Its speakers are familiar with technological advancements such as nautical vessels and steam locomotives. | '''Ash''' (''ahgaa'', lit. "seaspeak", IPA [ˈʔɑħˌqɑː]) is the anglicised name of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas, notably the town of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] (''ahba''). Its speakers are familiar with technological advancements such as nautical vessels and steam locomotives. | ||
The language is synthetic, largely based around agglutination with fusional elements. There is a great focus on verbs, nominals being mostly uninflected, and significant pro-drop tendencies and a general focus around deixis rather than pronominal distinctions. The word order is heavily SOV. | The language is synthetic, largely based around agglutination with fusional elements. There is a great focus on verbs, nominals being mostly uninflected, and significant pro-drop tendencies and a general focus around deixis rather than pronominal distinctions. The word order is heavily SOV. | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! Vocalic | ! Vocalic | ||
| {{IPA|/a | | {{IPA|/a i~j u~w/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Plosive | ! Plosive | ||
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|} | |} | ||
The reasoning for this rather unusual classification is down to phonotactic patterning: these five groups all behave somewhat differently and serve as a more useful distinction than point of articulation when describing the phonology of Ash. The pair | The reasoning for this rather unusual classification is down to phonotactic patterning: these five groups all behave somewhat differently and serve as a more useful distinction than point of articulation when describing the phonology of Ash. The pair given for each phoneme refers to an alternation between various allophonic realisations despite the relatively low number of underlying sounds, an important feature of the language that makes the variation richer on the surface. For instance, long vowels (romanised by doubling the vowel) and nasal vowels (romanised using a tilde) are not analysed as phonemic. | ||
===Romanisation=== | ===Romanisation=== | ||
The romanisation strikes a balance between representing phonemes versus surface realisations and uses the following seventeen letters: | The romanisation strikes a balance between representing phonemes versus surface realisations and uses the following seventeen letters as well as an apostrophe for contractions: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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| s | | s | ||
| h | | h | ||
| ʼ | |||
|} | |} | ||
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===Prosody and stress=== | ===Prosody and stress=== | ||
Prefixes are always unstressed. Following the last stressed syllable an iambic pattern of secondary stress on every other underlyingly light syllable follows unless an underlyingly heavy syllable intervenes, resetting the pattern. In addition | Prefixes are always unstressed. Following the last stressed syllable an iambic pattern of secondary stress on every other underlyingly light syllable follows unless an underlyingly heavy syllable intervenes, resetting the pattern. In addition, stressed syllables are forced to be heavy either by lengthening of the vowel or reduplication of the next syllable's onset consonant if they are not already underlyingly so. | ||
===Phonological processes=== | ===Phonological processes=== | ||
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* All plosives alternate phonemically with fricatives or affricates before another plosive or an affricate. | * All plosives alternate phonemically with fricatives or affricates before another plosive or an affricate. | ||
* /h~ʔ/ (and plosives before nasals) is a fricative before vowels/glides and plosives but a glottal stop before nasals and affricates. | * /h~ʔ/ (and plosives before nasals) is a fricative before vowels/glides and plosives but a glottal stop before nasals and affricates. | ||
* Affricates are | * Affricates are deäffricated intervocalically, before other plosives or affricates, word-finally and before nasals (which are prestopped). | ||
<div style="float: left"> | <div style="float: left"> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Animate | ! Animate | ||
| ''bahba go | | ''bahba go ahhee''<br />"dogs see it" | ||
| ''bahba go | | ''bahba go assee''<br />"dogs are seen" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Inanimate | ! Inanimate | ||
| ''sãã sa | | ''sãã sa ahhee''<br />"water is seen" | ||
| ''*sãã sa | | ''*sãã sa assee''<br />(ungrammatical) | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Topicalisation=== | ===Topicalisation=== | ||
New non-verbal information is focused by fronting, i.e. introducing the word or phrase earlier in the sentence. This means that the order of subject and object might shift in order to focus on the object. When the object is inanimate inversion is not possible nor necessary, while for an animate object it is. The nominal in focus | New non-verbal information is focused by fronting, i.e. introducing the word or phrase earlier in the sentence. This means that the order of subject and object might shift in order to focus on the object. When the object is inanimate inversion is not possible nor necessary, while for an animate object it is. The nominal in focus also receives a topic marker, explained in detail in the section on locative verbs. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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===Colour terms=== | ===Colour terms=== | ||
Colours are mainly expressed through comparative stative verbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as ''mee'' "fire" → ''meyya'' "red; yellow; orange; brown" or ''ao'' "sea" → ''ayya'' "blue; green". These are combined with locative verbs. | |||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=meyya bahba go | |phrase=meyya bahba go | ||
|IPA=[ˈme̞j.jɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣʊ] | |IPA=[ˈme̞j.jɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣʊ] | ||
|gloss=fire | |gloss=fire.SEMB.STAT.IND dog TOP:ACT | ||
|translation=a brown dog | |translation=a brown dog | ||
}} | }} | ||
Some are expressed through non-derived verbs like ''oada''. | |||
{{gloss | |||
|phrase=oada bahba go | |||
|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞] | |||
|phrase=bahba go | |gloss=shine.STAT.IND dog TOP:ACT | ||
|IPA=[ | |||
|gloss= | |||
|translation=a white dog | |translation=a white dog | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||