1,088
edits
mNo edit summary |
m (Replaced TV- gloss with DIR-) |
||
(31 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 37: | Line 37: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nasal | ! Nasal | ||
| {{IPA|/m~˜ n~˜/}} | | {{IPA|/m~˜ n~˜ ŋ~˜/}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 44: | Line 44: | ||
===Romanisation=== | ===Romanisation=== | ||
The romanisation strikes a balance between representing phonemes versus surface realisations and uses the following letters as well as an apostrophe to mark a word-initial glottal stop. A dot below a | The romanisation strikes a balance between representing phonemes versus surface realisations and uses the following letters as well as an apostrophe to mark a word-initial glottal stop. A dot below a vowel is used to mark stress when ambiguous. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
Line 60: | Line 60: | ||
| õ | | õ | ||
| ọ̃ | | ọ̃ | ||
| ı | |||
| w | | w | ||
| b | | b | ||
Line 65: | Line 66: | ||
| g | | g | ||
| m | | m | ||
| n | | n | ||
| | | ŋ | ||
| l | | l | ||
| s | | s | ||
| h | | h | ||
| ’ | | ’ | ||
Line 109: | Line 107: | ||
===Clusters=== | ===Clusters=== | ||
Depending on the underlying nature of a cluster, various processes take place either on a phonemic (phoneme alternation) or on a phonetic (surface allophony) level. For example, {{IPA|/t/}} merges with {{IPA|/t͡s/}} on the ''phonemic'' level before {{IPA|/i~j/}} or a plosive or an affricate, but alternates with {{IPA|[ð]}} on the ''phonetic'' level between vowels. | Depending on the underlying nature of a cluster, various processes take place either on a phonemic (phoneme alternation) or on a phonetic (surface allophony) level. For example, {{IPA|/t/}} merges with {{IPA|/t͡s/}} on the ''phonemic'' level before {{IPA|/i~j/}} or a plosive or an affricate as well as word-finally, but alternates with {{IPA|[ð]}} on the ''phonetic'' level between vowels. | ||
* A nasal or fricative geminates before a glide, assimilating to and eliding it in the process. | * A nasal or fricative geminates before a glide, assimilating to and eliding it in the process. | ||
Line 190: | Line 188: | ||
===Syllabification=== | ===Syllabification=== | ||
In unstressed prefixes, colourless or epenthetic vowels may drop out in favour of syllabification of an adjacent fricative or nasal. This is represented in the romanisation by | In unstressed prefixes, colourless or epenthetic vowels may drop out in favour of syllabification of an adjacent fricative or nasal. This is represented in the romanisation by the vowel letter '''ı''' placed before the non-vocalic consonant letter. | ||
An example | An example is the inalienable possession prefix ''(a)n-'' becoming ''ın-''. Some word stems have inherent consonantal prefixes that get resolved the same way: ''n-doo-'' "(fire) smoke" becomes ''ındoo-'' in the absence of a prefix, and ''ʼadındoo-'' when the direct marker ''ʼah-'' is added. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
Line 203: | Line 201: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3" | | ||
! colspan="5" | Stem | ! colspan="5" | Stem | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Deixis | | Deixis | ||
| | | Agency | ||
| Incorp. | | Incorp. | ||
| | | Preverb | ||
| '''Root''' | | '''Root''' | ||
| Deriv. | | Deriv. | ||
Line 219: | Line 216: | ||
| Converb. | | Converb. | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Stems==== | ====Stems==== | ||
Line 268: | Line 263: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Basic | ! Basic | ||
| colspan="2" | <center>'''''oo''''' | | colspan="2" | <center>'''''oo'''''</center> | ||
| ''oona'' | | ''oona'' | ||
| '' | | ''ohda'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Causative | ! Causative | ||
| colspan="2" | <center>''oyya'' | | colspan="2" | <center>''oyya''</center> | ||
| ''oena'' | | ''oena'' | ||
| '' | | ''oehda'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Frequentative | ! Frequentative | ||
| colspan="2" | <center>''odsa'' | | colspan="2" | <center>''odsa''</center> | ||
| ''osdna'' | | ''osdna'' | ||
| ''osda'' | | ''osda'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Sometimes stems appear connected through no longer productive processes, such as '' | Sometimes stems appear connected through no longer productive processes, such as ''ımmohwa'' "cook", related also to ''oo''. | ||
===Nominals=== | ===Nominals=== | ||
Nominals are mostly unmarked. A handful of inherited inalienably possessed nominals are however obligatorily marked with a prefix or that disappears during incorporation into a verb. This possessive prefix ''(a)n-'' can be preceded by a deictic prefix. Here are the possessed forms of ''mõõ'' "head; hair | Nominals are mostly unmarked. A handful of inherited inalienably possessed nominals are however obligatorily marked with a prefix or that disappears during incorporation into a verb. This possessive prefix ''(a)n-'' can be preceded by a deictic prefix. Here are the possessed forms of ''mõõ'' "head; hair", an inalienably possessed nominal: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
Line 294: | Line 289: | ||
! Distal | ! Distal | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''ımmõõ'' | ||
| ''emmõõ'' | | ''emmõõ'' | ||
| ''ommõõ'' | | ''ommõõ'' | ||
Line 314: | Line 309: | ||
! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| ''-da'' | | ''-da'' | ||
| | | ''-s'' | ||
| ''sooda'' "where they live; by the house" | | ''sooda'' "where they live; by the house" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Durative | ! Durative | ||
| ''-wo'' | | ''-wo'' | ||
| | | ''-h'' | ||
| ''oadnawo'' "when it gets bright; in the morning" | | ''oadnawo'' "when it gets bright; in the morning" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Benefactive | ! Benefactive | ||
| ''-wa'' | | ''-wa'' | ||
| | | ''-wı'' | ||
| ''eewa'' "in order to see" | | ''eewa'' "in order to see" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Semblative | ! Semblative | ||
| ''-ya'' | | ''-ya'' | ||
| | | ''-yı'' | ||
| ''ʼayya'' "sea-like; blue; green" | | ''ʼayya'' "sea-like; blue; green" | ||
|} | |} | ||
The shorter forms | The shorter forms are the historically regular outcomes of these suffixes after unstressed vowels; the longer forms have since taken over productively in normal verbs by analogy with the instances where those were always regular, but the shorter forms remain productive in the reduced forms of locative verbs (e.g. ''ʼahba las'' "in Appa"), and are still found in some common fossilised words, such as ''eas'' "here" and ''eah'' "now". Certain proper nouns retain this form for possessive constructions (e.g. ''ʼahbas ımmee'' "Appa('s) town square"). There are also instances of splits, such as the productive ''oadnada'' "where the sun rises" versus the fossilised ''oadnas'', referring specifically to the corresponding cardinal direction. | ||
===Deixis=== | ===Deixis=== | ||
Line 352: | Line 347: | ||
|} | |} | ||
Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals ''eyya'' and ''owwa'', generally shortened and tending to blend into the next word, often as {{IPA|[-e̞(ː)ɪ̯]~[-e̞j-]}} and {{IPA|[-o̞(ː)ʊ̯]~[-o̞w-]}}, but also with the glide assimilating, leading to forms such as {{IPA|[-ɪw-]}} and {{IPA|[-ʊj-]}}. In verbs with some form of TV marker, the prefixes irregularly assimilate to it, retaining the initial glottal stop but displacing the vowel, e.g. ''*e-ʼa-'' becomes ''ʼe-''. | Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals ''ea'' and ''oa'' (reduced from ''eyya'' and ''owwa'' still used for emphasis), generally shortened and tending to blend into the next word, often as {{IPA|[-ɛ(ː~ˑ)-]~[-e̞(ː)ɪ̯]~[-e̞j-]}} and {{IPA|[-ɔ(ː~ˑ)-]~[-o̞(ː)ʊ̯]~[-o̞w-]}}, but also with the glide assimilating, leading to forms such as {{IPA|[-ɪw-]}} and {{IPA|[-ʊj-]}}. In verbs with some form of TV marker, the prefixes irregularly assimilate to it, retaining the initial glottal stop but displacing the vowel, e.g. ''*e-ʼa-'' becomes ''ʼe-''. | ||
===Conjunct and disjunct verbs=== | ===Conjunct and disjunct verbs=== | ||
Line 377: | Line 372: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Conjunct | ! Conjunct | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) oada<u>s</u>''<br />"I am pale" | ||
| - | | - | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) oada<u>s</u> no''<br />"are you pale?" | ||
| - | | - | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Disjunct | ! Disjunct | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) oada''<br />"you are pale" | ||
| ''( | | ''(oa go) oada''<br />"they are pale" | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) oada no''<br />"am I pale?" | ||
| ''( | | ''(oa go) oada no''<br />"are they pale?" | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 406: | Line 401: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Conjunct | ! Conjunct | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) ʼahhee<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at you" | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) ʼassee<u>s</u>''<br />"you look at me" | ||
| ''( | | ''(oa go) ʼahhee<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at them" | ||
| ''( | | ''(oa go) ʼassee<u>s</u>''<br />"they look at me" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Disjunct | ! Disjunct | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) ʼahhee''<br />"you look at them" | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) ʼassee''<br />"they look at you" | ||
| ''( | | ''(oa go) ʼahhee''<br />"they<sub>1</sub> look at them<sub>2</sub>" | ||
| ''( | | ''(oa go) ʼassee''<br />"they<sub>2</sub> look at them<sub>1</sub>" | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 427: | Line 422: | ||
! rowspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" | | ||
! colspan="2" | Proximal | ! colspan="2" | Proximal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Conjunct source | ! Conjunct source | ||
! Disjunct source | ! Disjunct source | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Conjunct target | ! Conjunct target | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) oada<u>s</u> (ea go) ogaa<u>s</u>''<br />"I said I am pale" | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) oada<u>s</u> (ea go) ogaa''<br />"you said you are pale" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Disjunct target | ! Disjunct target | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) oada (ea go) ogaa<u>s</u>''<br />"I said you are pale" | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) oada (ea go) ogaa''<br />"you said I am pale" | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Indirect involvement==== | ====Indirect involvement==== | ||
Line 453: | Line 442: | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo ʼao ʼehbadsas | |phrase=emmõõ bo ʼao ʼehbadsas | ||
|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | |IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX- | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair | |translation=Ao is braiding my hair | ||
}} | }} | ||
Line 494: | Line 483: | ||
|phrase=ʼehhees | |phrase=ʼehhees | ||
|IPA=[ʔe̞çˈçi̯eːɕ] | |IPA=[ʔe̞çˈçi̯eːɕ] | ||
|gloss=PROX- | |gloss=PROX-DIR-see.ACT.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=I am looking at them | |translation=I am looking at them | ||
}} | }} | ||
Line 534: | Line 523: | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo | |phrase=emmõõ bo ea ʼehbadsas | ||
|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ | |IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈjɛˑ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX- | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=you are braiding my hair | |translation=you are braiding my hair | ||
}} | }} | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo | |phrase=emmõõ bo ea ʼeebadsas | ||
|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ | |IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈjɛˑ ʔe̞ɪ̯ˈβɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=I am braiding my hair | |translation=I am braiding my hair | ||
Line 554: | Line 543: | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ʼao go bahba od<u> | |phrase=ʼao go bahba od<u>sa</u>woyya | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ wo̞ʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐˈwʊj.jɐ] | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog DIST- | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog DIST-DIR-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.IND | ||
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink | |translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink | ||
}} | }} | ||
Line 565: | Line 554: | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ʼao go bahba mee<u>da</u> | |phrase=ʼao go bahba mee<u>da</u> odsawoyya | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ˈmi̯eː.ðɐ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ˈmi̯eː.ðɐ wo̞ʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐˈwʊj.jɐ] | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog fire-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST- | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog fire-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS.IND | ||
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire | |translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire | ||
}} | }} | ||
Line 581: | Line 570: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Animate | ! Animate | ||
| ''bahba go ʼahhee''<br />"dogs | | ''bahba go ʼahhee''<br />"dogs watch it" | ||
| ''bahba go ʼassee''<br />"dogs are | | ''bahba go ʼassee''<br />"dogs are watched" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Inanimate | ! Inanimate | ||
| ''sãã sa ʼahhee''<br />"water is | | ''sãã sa ʼahhee''<br />"water is watched" | ||
| ''*sãã sa ʼassee''<br />(ungrammatical) | | ''*sãã sa ʼassee''<br />(ungrammatical) | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 643: | Line 632: | ||
| ''ebadsa''<br />"weaving" | | ''ebadsa''<br />"weaving" | ||
| ''ebadsa ma''<br />"not weaving" | | ''ebadsa ma''<br />"not weaving" | ||
| ''ebadsa no | | ''ebadsa no''<br />"weaving?" | ||
| ''ebadsa yo''<br />"(really) weaving!" | | ''ebadsa yo''<br />"(really) weaving!" | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 710: | Line 699: | ||
| ''baa'' | | ''baa'' | ||
| ''ba'' | | ''ba'' | ||
| : | | :MAN | ||
| Hand and instrumental (things held; implements and tools) | | Hand and instrumental (things held; implements and tools) | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 721: | Line 710: | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ımmõõ bo | ||
|IPA=[m̩ˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ] | |IPA=[m̩ˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ] | ||
|gloss=POSS-head=TOP:CRESC | |gloss=POSS-head=TOP:CRESC | ||
Line 728: | Line 717: | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ımmõõ la | ||
|IPA=[m̩ˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ⁿd͡ɮɐ] | |IPA=[m̩ˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ⁿd͡ɮɐ] | ||
|gloss=POSS-head=TOP:STAT | |gloss=POSS-head=TOP:STAT | ||
Line 741: | Line 730: | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo ʼao ʼehbadsas | |phrase=emmõõ bo ʼao ʼehbadsas | ||
|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | |IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX- | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair | |translation=Ao is braiding my hair | ||
}} | }} | ||
Line 750: | Line 739: | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ʼao go bahba go | |phrase=ʼao go bahba go oas egoo | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ʁo̞ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ʁo̞ ˈwɔ̯ɑːɕ‿ɕɪˈɣu̯oː] | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog=TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog=TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there | |translation=Ao and the dog are over there | ||
Line 808: | Line 797: | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ʼao gos | |phrase=ʼao gos ımmõõ la | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ‿z̠m̩ˈmũ̯õː‿ⁿd͡ɮɐ] | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT-CVB:LOC INAL-head=TOP:STAT | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT-CVB:LOC INAL-head=TOP:STAT | ||
|translation=Ao's head (lit. "head at Ao") | |translation=Ao's head (lit. "head at Ao") |
edits