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|imagecaption = [[Verse:Ash/Onnawasta|Onnawasta]] emblem of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]]
|imagecaption = [[Verse:Ash/Onnawasta|Onnawasta]] emblem of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]]
|name = Ash
|name = Ash
|nativename = ''ạ̉hgaa''
|nativename = ''ảhga''
|pronunciation = [ˈʔɒħˌqɒː]
|pronunciation = [ˈʔɑħˌqə]
|creator = [[User:Prinsessa|Ava Skoog]]
|creator = [[User:Prinsessa|Ava Skoog]]
|familycolor = ?
|familycolor = ?
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==Introduction==
==Introduction==


'''Ash''' (''ạ̉hgaa'', lit. "seaspeak", IPA [ˈʔɒħˌqɒː]) is the anglicised name of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas, notably the town of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] (''ảhba''). Its speakers are familiar with technological advancements such as nautical vessels and steam locomotives.
'''Ash''' (''ảhga'', lit. "seaspeak", IPA [ˈʔɑħˌqə]) is the anglicised name of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas, notably the town of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] (''ảhba''). Its speakers are familiar with technological advancements such as nautical vessels and steam locomotives.


The language is synthetic, largely based around agglutination with fusional elements. There is a great focus on verbs, nominals being mostly uninflected, and significant pro-drop tendencies and a general focus around deixis rather than pronominal distinctions. The word order is heavily SOV.
The language is synthetic, largely based around agglutination with fusional elements. There is a great focus on verbs, nominals being mostly uninflected, and significant pro-drop tendencies and a general focus around deixis rather than pronominal distinctions. The word order is heavily SOV.
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
| a
| a
| ı
| e
| e
| y
| y
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| d
| d
| g
| g
| l
| s
| h
| m
| m
| n
| n
| ŋ
| ŋ
| l
| s
| h
| ’
|}
|}


Tilde (e.g. '''ã''') is used to mark nasalisation. Hook above (e.g. '''ả''') denotes a word-initial glottal stop. Dot below (e.g. '''ạ''') signifies otherwise ambiguous stress.
Tilde (e.g. '''ã''') is used to mark nasalisation. Hook above (e.g. '''ả''') denotes a word-initial glottal stop.


An example of a word with its archiphonemic, phonemic and surface transcriptions as well as romanisation:
An example of a word with its archiphonemic, phonemic and surface transcriptions as well as romanisation:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
| {{IPA|//iʔ.Vʔˈuʔ.t͡si//}}
| {{IPA|//iʔ.Vʔˈu.wi//}}
| → {{IPA|/ʔiʔˈwuʔ.t͡si/}}
| → {{IPA|/ʔiʔˈwu.wi/}}
| → {{IPA|[ˈʔe̞ʍˈʍo̞ʔ.ȶ͡ɕɪ]}}
| → {{IPA|[çɪʍˈʍʊ͡ɪ̯ː]}}
| → ''ẻhhodse'' "hungry"
| → ''ẻhhoe'' "hungry"
|}
|}


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</div>
</div>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
===Laterals===
The lateral affricate {{IPA|/t͡ɬ/}} patterns phonotactically just like the sibilant affricate {{IPA|/t͡s/}} but is not always produced as a fricative, but sometimes also as an approximant. In contexts where the affrication remains, regardless of voicing, so does the frication, i.e. {{IPA|[t͡ɬ~d͡ɮ]}}. In leniting contexts the realisation depends on the environment, remaining a fricative {{IPA|[ɬ]}} in a voiceless environment while defaulting to a pure lateral approximant {{IPA|[l]}} in a voiced one, but when geminated by the absorption of a following palatal glide it assimilates to it as {{IPA|[ʎ̥]}}.
===Syllabification===
In unstressed prefixes, colourless or epenthetic vowels may drop out in favour of syllabification of an adjacent fricative or nasal. This is represented in the romanisation by an apostrophe '''’''' placed before the non-vocalic consonant letter.
An example is the inalienable possession prefix ''n-'' becoming ''’n-''. Some word stems have inherent consonantal prefixes that get resolved the same way: ''n-doo-'' "(fire) smoke" becomes ''’ndoo-'' in the absence of a prefix, and ''ảd’ndoo-'' when the direct marker ''ảh-'' is added.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
! colspan="5" | Stem
! colspan="4" | Stem
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |
|-
|-
| Deixis
| Deixis
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!  
!
! Stative
! Stative
! Active
! Active
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|-
|-
! Indicative
! Indicative
| '''''oada'''''
| '''''oa'''''
{{IPA|[ˈɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ]}}
| ''oahda''
| ''oahda''
{{IPA|[ˈɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐ]}}
| ''oadna''
| ''oadna''
{{IPA|[ˈɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ]}}
| ''oasda''
| ''oasda''
{{IPA|[ˈɔ̯ɑs̠.t̠ɐ]}}
|-
|-
! Optative
! Optative
| ''oese''
| ''oae''
{{IPA|[ˈʊːɪ̯.ʑɪ]}}
| ''oadse''
| ''oedse''
| ''oadne''
{{IPA|[ˈo̞e̞̯ʔ.ȶ͡ɕɪ]}}
| ''oasde''
| ''oedne''
{{IPA|[ˈo̞e̞̯ʔ.ᶡɲɪ]}}
| ''oesde''
{{IPA|[ˈʊɪ̯ɕ.ȶ͡ɕɪ]}}
|}
|}


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====Derived verbs====
====Derived verbs====


Derivational suffixes can be used to extend the root and create a new set of stems, such as the causative ''-j-'' or the frequentative ''-(d)s-'', which can themselves, depending on the word, be stative or active (all derived verbs are inherently one or the other or both and do not display the allomorphy of basic verbs), inchoative, terminative and so on. These are some of the words derived from ''oo'' "consume":
Derivational suffixes can be used to extend the root and create a new set of stems, such as the causative ''-y-'' or the frequentative ''-(d)s-'', which can themselves, depending on the word, be stative or active (all derived verbs are inherently one or the other or both and do not display the allomorphy of basic verbs). These are some of the words derived from ''oo'' "consume":


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Stative
! Active
! Inchoative
! Terminative
|-
! Basic
! Basic
| colspan="2" | <center>'''''oo'''''</center>
| ''oona''
| ''ooda''
|-
! Causative
! Causative
| colspan="2" | <center>''oyya''</center>
! Frequentative
| ''oena''
| ''oeda''
|-
|-
! Frequentative
| '''''oo'''''
| colspan="2" | <center>''odsa''</center>
| ''oyya''
| ''osna''
| ''odsa''
| ''osda''
|}
|}


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! Distal
! Distal
|-
|-
| ''’mmõõ''
| ''ımmõõ''
| ''emmõõ''
| ''emmõõ''
| ''ommõõ''
| ''ommõõ''
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|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| ''-da''
| ''-la'', ''-da''
| ''-s''
| ''-l''
| ''’nsooda'' "where they live; by the house; at home"
| ''ınsonda'' "where they live; by the house; at home"
|-
|-
! Durative
! Durative
| ''-wo'', ''-go''
| ''-go''
| ''-h''
| ''-h''
| ''oadnah'' "when it gets bright; in the morning"
| ''oadnah'' "when it gets bright; in the morning"
|-
|-
! Benefactive
! Benefactive
| ''-wa'', ''-ba''
| ''-ba''
| ''-o''
| ''-o''
| ''eawa'' "in order to see"
| ''eahba'' "in order to see"
|-
|-
! Semblative
! Semblative
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| ''ảyya'' "sea-like; blue; green"
| ''ảyya'' "sea-like; blue; green"
|}
|}
The shorter forms are used unstressed vowels and in a few irregular instances, and are for example always used with the reduced forms of locative verbs (e.g. ''ảhba las'' "in Appa"); irregular instances include the contractions ''eas'' "here" and ''eah'' "now".


===Deixis===
===Deixis===
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|}
|}


Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals ''ea'' and ''oa'' (reduced from ''eyya'' and ''owwa'' still used for emphasis), generally shortened and tending to blend into the next word, often as {{IPA|[-ɛ(ː~ˑ)-]~[-e̞(ː)ɪ̯]~[-e̞j-]}} and {{IPA|[-ɔ(ː~ˑ)-]~[-o̞(ː)ʊ̯]~[-o̞w-]}}, but also with the glide assimilating, leading to forms such as {{IPA|[-ɪw-]}} and {{IPA|[-ʊj-]}}. In verbs with some form of agency marker, the prefixes irregularly assimilate to it, retaining the initial glottal stop but displacing the vowel, e.g. ''*e-ả-'' becomes ''ẻ-''.
Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals ''ea'' and ''oa''. In verbs with some form of agency marker, the prefixes irregularly assimilate to it, retaining the initial glottal stop but displacing the vowel, e.g. ''*e-ả-'' becomes ''ẻ-''.


===Conjunct and disjunct verbs===
===Conjunct and disjunct verbs===
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|-
|-
! Conjunct
! Conjunct
| ''(ea go) oada<u>s</u>''<br />"I am pale"
| ''(ea go) emea<u>s</u>''<br />"I am warm"
| -
| -
| ''(ea go) oada<u>s</u> no''<br />"are you pale?"
| ''(ea go) emea<u>s</u> no''<br />"are you warm?"
| -
| -
|-
|-
! Disjunct
! Disjunct
| ''(ea go) oada''<br />"you are pale"
| ''(ea go) emea''<br />"you are warm"
| ''(oa go) oada''<br />"they are pale"
| ''(oa go) emea''<br />"they are warm"
| ''(ea go) oada no''<br />"am I pale?"
| ''(ea go) emea no''<br />"am I warm?"
| ''(oa go) oada no''<br />"are they pale?"
| ''(oa go) emea no''<br />"are they warm?"
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! Conjunct
! Conjunct
| ''(ea go) ảhhea<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at you"
| ''(ea go) ẻhwea<u>s</u> yo''<br />"I look at you"
| ''(ea go) ảssea<u>s</u>''<br />"you look at me"
| ''(ea go) ẻssea<u>s</u> yo''<br />"you look at me"
| ''(oa go) ảhhea<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at them"
| ''(oa go) ẻhwea<u>s</u> yo''<br />"I look at them"
| ''(oa go) ảssea<u>s</u>''<br />"they look at me"
| ''(oa go) ẻssea<u>s</u> yo''<br />"they look at me"
|-
|-
! Disjunct
! Disjunct
| ''(ea go) ảhhea''<br />"you look at them"
| ''(ea go) ẻhwea yo''<br />"you look at them"
| ''(ea go) ảssea''<br />"they look at you"
| ''(ea go) ẻssea yo''<br />"they look at you"
| ''(oa go) ảhhea''<br />"they<sub>1</sub> look at them<sub>2</sub>"
| ''(oa go) ẻhwea yo''<br />"they<sub>1</sub> look at them<sub>2</sub>"
| ''(oa go) ảssea''<br />"they<sub>2</sub> look at them<sub>1</sub>"
| ''(oa go) ẻssea yo''<br />"they<sub>2</sub> look at them<sub>1</sub>"
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! Conjunct target
! Conjunct target
| ''(ea go) oada<u>s</u> (ea go) ogaa<u>s</u>''<br />"I said I am pale"
| ''(ea go) emea<u>s</u> (ea go) ogaa<u>s</u> yo''<br />"I said I am warm"
| ''(ea go) oada<u>s</u> (ea go) ogaa''<br />"you said you are pale"
| ''(ea go) emea<u>s</u> (ea go) ogaa yo''<br />"you said you are warm"
|-
|-
! Disjunct target
! Disjunct target
| ''(ea go) oada (ea go) ogaa<u>s</u>''<br />"I said you are pale"
| ''(ea go) emea (ea go) ogaa<u>s</u> yo''<br />"I said you are warm"
| ''(ea go) oada (ea go) ogaa''<br />"you said I am pale"
| ''(ea go) emea (ea go) ogaa yo''<br />"you said I am warm"
|}
|}


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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase=emmõõ bo ảo ẻhbadsas
|phrase=emmõõ bo ảo ẻhbadsas yo
|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɒːʊ̯ ʔe̞ħˈpɒʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head=TOP:CRESC Ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ=EMPH
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=ảo go bahba ẻ<u>hh</u>ea
|phrase=ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>hw</u>ea ga
|IPA=[ˈʔɒːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɒħ.pɐ ʔe̞çˈçɛːɑ̯]
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-<u>DIR</u>-see.ACT.IND=REP
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog PROX-<u>DIR</u>-see.ACT.IND
|translation=Ao is looking at the dog
|translation=Ao is looking at the dog
}}
}}


|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=ảo go bahba ẻ<u>ss</u>ea
|phrase=ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>ss</u>ea ga
|IPA=[ˈʔɒːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɒħ.pɐ ʔɪɕˈɕɛːɑ̯]
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.IND=REP
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.IND
|translation=Ao is being watched by the dog
|translation=Ao is being watched by the dog
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=ẻhheas
|phrase=ẻhweas yo
|IPA=[ʔe̞çˈçɛːɑ̯ɕ]
|gloss=PROX-DIR-see.ACT.IND-CONJ=EMPH
|gloss=PROX-DIR-see.ACT.IND-CONJ
|translation=I am looking at them
|translation=I am looking at them
}}
}}


|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=ẻsseas
|phrase=ẻsseas e
|IPA=[ʔɪɕˈɕɛːɑ̯ɕ]
|gloss=PROX-INV-see.ACT.IND-CONJ=OBS
|gloss=PROX-INV-see.ACT.IND-CONJ
|translation=they are looking at me
|translation=they are looking at me
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=oadnah ảesããs
|phrase=oadnah ảyısããs yo
|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐħ ħɐɪ̯ˈz̠ɒ̃ːs̠]
|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND-CONJ=EMPH
|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND-CONJ
|translation=I wash in the morning
|translation=I wash in the morning
}}
}}


|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=oadnah ảo go ảosãã ma
|phrase=oadnah ảo ga ảyısãã ma
|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐħ ħɒːʊ̯‿ɣo̞ ʔɐʊ̯ˈz̠ɒ̃ː‿mɐ]
|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR ao=TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND=NEG
|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR ao=TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND NEG
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning
}}
}}
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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=emmõõ bo ea ảhbadsas
|phrase=emmõõ bo ảhbadsas yo
|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈjɛˑ ʔe̞ħˈpɒʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ=EMPH
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ
|translation=you are braiding my hair
|translation=you are braiding my hair
}}
}}


|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=emmõõ bo ea ẻebadsas
|phrase=emmõõ bo ẻwıbadsas yo
|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈjɛˑ ʔe̞ɪ̯ˈβɒʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ=EMPH
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ
|translation=I am braiding my hair
|translation=I am braiding my hair
}}
}}
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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase=ảo go bahba ỏd<u>s</u>oyya
|phrase=ảo ga bahba ỏd<u>s</u>oyya ga
|IPA=[ˈʔɒːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɒħ.pɐ wo̞ʔˈt̠͡s̠ʊj.jɐ]
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog DIST-DIR-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.IND=REP
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog DIST-DIR-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.IND
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink
}}
}}
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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase=ảo go bahba mea<u>da</u> odsoyya
|phrase=ảo ga bahba med<u>la</u> odsoyya ga
|IPA=[ˈʔɒːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɒħ.pɐ ˈmɛːɑ̯.ðɐ wo̞ʔˈt̠͡s̠ʊj.jɐ]
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog burn-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS.IND=REP
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog fire-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS.IND
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire
}}
}}
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|-
|-
! Animate
! Animate
| ''bahba go ảhhea''<br />"dogs watch it"
| ''bahba go ảhwea yo''<br />"dogs watch it"
| ''bahba go ảssea''<br />"dogs are watched"
| ''bahba go ảssea yo''<br />"dogs are watched"
|-
|-
! Inanimate
! Inanimate
| ''sãã sa ảhhea''<br />"water is watched"
| ''sãã da ảhwea yo''<br />"water is watched"
| ''*sãã sa ảssea''<br />(ungrammatical)
| ''*sãã da ảssea yo''<br />(ungrammatical)
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! Animate
! Animate
| ''ảo go <u>bahba</u> ỏhhea''<br />"Ao was looking at the dog"
| ''ảo ga <u>bahba</u> ỏhwea e''<br />"Ao was looking at the dog"
| ''<u>bahba go</u> ảo ỏssea''<br />"it was the dog Ao was looking at"
| ''<u>bahba go</u> ảo ỏssea e''<br />"it was the dog Ao was looking at"
|-
|-
! Inanimate
! Inanimate
| ''ảo go <u>sãã</u> ỏhhoo''<br />"Ao was drinking water"
| ''ảo ga <u>sãã</u> ỏhwoo e''<br />"Ao was drinking water"
| ''<u>sãã sa</u> ảo ỏhhoo''<br />"it was water Ao was drinking"
| ''<u>sãã da</u> ảo ỏhwoo e''<br />"it was water Ao was drinking"
|}
|}


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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase=[owahdah bahba go ỏssoeda]<sub>1</sub> [ewahdah ẻsseanas]<sub>2</sub>
|phrase=[owahdah bahba go ỏssoyya]<sub>1</sub> [ewahdah ẻsseaŋas]<sub>2</sub>
|IPA=[o̞ˈwɒħ.t̠ɐħ ˈpɒħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ʔʊs̠ˈs̠ʊːɪ̯.ðɐ jɪˈwɒħ.t̠ɐ.wo̞ħ ħɪɕˈɕɛːɑ̯.n̠ɐs̠]
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.IND]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ]<sub>2</sub>
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.TERM.IND]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ]<sub>2</sub>
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub>
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub>
}}
}}
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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase=oasya bahba go ẻsseanas no
|phrase=osya bahba go ẻsseaŋas no
|IPA=[ˈɔ̯ɑɕ.ɕɐ ˈβɒħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ʔɪɕˈɕɛːɑ̯.n̠ɐz̠‿ᵈn̠ʊ]
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ Q
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ Q
|translation=have you seen the white dog?
|translation=have you seen the white dog?
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|-
|-
| ''laa''
| ''laa''
| ''la''
| ''la'', ''da''
| :STAT
| :STAT
| General stative (indefinite or permanent)
| General stative (indefinite or permanent)
|-
|-
| ''goo''
| ''goo''
| ''go''
| ''go'', ''ŋo''
| :ACT
| :ACT
| General active (temporary or dynamic)
| General active (temporary or dynamic)
Line 672: Line 626:
| Air and weather
| Air and weather
|-
|-
| ''boo''
| ''boa''
| ''bo''
| ''bo''
| :CRESC
| :CRESC
Line 700: Line 654:


|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=ʼmmõõ bo
|phrase=ımmõõ bo
|IPA=[m̩ˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ]
|gloss=POSS-head=TOP:CRESC
|gloss=POSS-head=TOP:CRESC
|translation=hair (on the head)
|translation=hair (on the head)
Line 707: Line 660:


|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=ʼmmõõ la
|phrase=ımmõõ da
|IPA=[m̩ˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ⁿd͡ɮɐ]
|gloss=POSS-head=TOP:STAT
|gloss=POSS-head=TOP:STAT
|translation=head (on the body)
|translation=head (on the body)
Line 719: Line 671:
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase=emmõõ bo ảo ẻhbadsas
|phrase=emmõõ bo ảo ẻhbadsas
|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɒːo̞ ʔe̞ħˈpɒʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
Line 729: Line 680:


{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase=ảo go bahba go oas egoo
|phrase=ảo ga bahba go onda egoa e
|IPA=[ˈʔɒːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɒħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ˈwɔˑʑ ɪˈɣu̯oː]
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog=TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.IND=OBS
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog=TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there
}}
}}
Line 742: Line 692:


|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=ảo sas sãã
|phrase=ảo sal sãã
|IPA=[ˈʔɒːʊ̯‿z̠ɐz̠ ˈd̠͡z̠ɒ̃ː]
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND
|translation=(be) in the ocean; at sea
|translation=(be) in the ocean; at sea
Line 749: Line 698:


|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=ảo sas laa
|phrase=ảo sal laa
|IPA=[ˈʔɒːʊ̯‿z̠ɐz̠ ˈd͡ɮɒ̃ː]
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.IND
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.IND
|translation=(be) by the sea
|translation=(be) by the sea
Line 759: Line 707:
===Possession===
===Possession===


Unstressed locative verbs marked with the locative converbialiser ''-s'' serve to mark the possessor of a possessum.
Unstressed locative verbs marked with the locative converbialiser ''-l'' serve to mark the possessor of a possessum.


{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase=ảo gos ʼmmõõ la
|phrase=ảo gal osee go
|IPA=[ˈʔɒːʊ̯‿ɣʊ‿z̠m̩ˈmũ̯õː‿ⁿd͡ɮɐ]
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS-CVB:LOC breath=TOP:ORAL
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT-CVB:LOC INAL-head=TOP:STAT
|translation=Ao's breath (lit. "breath at Ao")
|translation=Ao's head (lit. "head at Ao")
}}
}}


Line 778: Line 725:
|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=ẻhhodses
|phrase=ẻhhodses
|IPA=[ʔe̞ʍˈʍo̞ʔ.ȶ͡ɕɪɕ]
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT-CONJ
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT-CONJ
|translation=I want/need to eat; I am hungry
|translation=I want/need to eat; I am hungry
Line 785: Line 731:
|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=ẻhhodses no
|phrase=ẻhhodses no
|IPA=[ʔe̞ʍˈʍo̞ʔ.ȶ͡ɕɪʑ‿ᵈn̠ʊ]
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT-CONJ=Q
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT-CONJ=Q
|translation=perhaps I should eat something
|translation=perhaps I should eat something
Line 792: Line 737:
|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=bahba go ẻhhodse no
|phrase=bahba go ẻhhodse no
|IPA=[ˈbɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ʔe̞ʍˈʍo̞ʔ.ȶ͡ɕɪ‿n̠ʊ]
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT=Q
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT=Q
|translation=maybe the dog is hungry
|translation=maybe the dog is hungry
Line 801: Line 745:
===Colour terms===
===Colour terms===


Colours are mainly expressed through semblative converbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as ''mee'' "fire" → ''meyya'' "red; yellow; orange; brown" or ''ảo'' "sea" → ''ảyya'' "blue; green".
Colours are mainly expressed through semblative converbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as ''mea'' "fire" → ''nayya'' "red; yellow; orange; brown" or ''ảo'' "sea" → ''ảyya'' "blue; green".


{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase=meyya bahba go
|phrase=nayya bahba go
|IPA=[ˈme̞j.jɐ ˈβɒħ.pɐ‿ɣʊ]
|gloss=fire-CVB:SEMB dog=TOP:ACT
|gloss=fire-CVB:SEMB dog=TOP:ACT
|translation=a brown dog
|translation=a brown dog
Prinsessa
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