Ash: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Ash (view source)

Revision as of 15:35, 15 April 2021

1,077 bytes added ,  15 April 2021
m
frequentative -> intensive, FREQ -> INTS
(Indicative and optative renamed to realis and irrealis)
m (frequentative -> intensive, FREQ -> INTS)
(17 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 28: Line 28:
|-
|-
! Plosive
! Plosive
| {{IPA|/p~β t~ð k~ɣ/}}
| {{IPA|/p t k/}}
|-
|-
! Affricate
! Affricate
| {{IPA|/t͡ɬ~ɬ t͡s~s/}}
| {{IPA|/t͡ɬ t͡s/}}
|-
|-
! Glottal
! Glottal
| {{IPA|/ʔ~h/}}
| {{IPA|/h/}}
|-
|-
! Nasal
! Nasal
| {{IPA|/m~˜ n~˜ ŋ~˜/}}
| {{IPA|/mᵇ nᵈ ŋᵍ/}}
|}
|}


Line 69: Line 69:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
| {{IPA|//iʔ.Vʔˈu.wi//}}
| {{IPA|//ih.Vhˈu.wi//}}
| → {{IPA|/ʔiʔˈwu.wi/}}
| → {{IPA|/hihˈwu.wi/}}
| → {{IPA|[çɪʍˈʍʊ͡ɪ̯ː]}}
| → {{IPA|[çɪʍˈʍʊ͡ɪ̯ː]}}
| → {{ash|ẻhhoe}} "hungry"
| → {{ash|ẻhhoe}} "hungry"
Line 113: Line 113:
! {{IPA|/-w/}}
! {{IPA|/-w/}}
|-
|-
! {{IPA|//N-//}}
! {{IPA|//Nᴾ-//}}
| {{IPA|[ɲ.ɲ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɲ.ɲ]}}
| {{IPA|[m.m]}}
| {{IPA|[m.m]}}
Line 149: Line 149:
! {{IPA|//-P//}}
! {{IPA|//-P//}}
! {{IPA|//-P͡F//}}
! {{IPA|//-P͡F//}}
! {{IPA|//-N//}}
! {{IPA|//-Nᴾ//}}
|-
|-
! {{IPA|//h-//}}
! {{IPA|//h-//}}
Line 160: Line 160:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
! {{IPA|//-N//}}
! {{IPA|//-Nᴾ//}}
|-
|-
! {{IPA|//p-//}}
! {{IPA|//p-//}}
Line 208: Line 208:
! Inchoative
! Inchoative
! Terminative
! Terminative
! Intensive
|-
|-
! Realis
! Realis
| {{ash|'''oa'''}}
| {{ash|'''oa'''}}
{{IPA|[ˈɔ̯͡ɑː]}}
| {{ash|oahda}}
| {{ash|oahda}}
{{IPA|[ˈɔ̯͡ɑħ.t̠ə]}}
| {{ash|oadna}}
| {{ash|oadna}}
{{IPA|[ˈɔ̯͡ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ə]}}
| {{ash|oasda}}
| {{ash|oasda}}
{{IPA|[ˈɔ̯͡ɑs̺.t̺ə]}}
| {{ash|oadsa}}
{{IPA|[ˈɔ̯͡ɑʔ.t̺͡s̺ə]}}
|-
|-
! Irrealis
! Irrealis
| {{ash|oae}}
| {{ash|oae}}
| {{ash|oadse}}
{{IPA|[ˈwʌ͡ɪ̯ː]}}
| {{ash|''oadse''}}
{{IPA|[ˈɔ̯͡ɑʔ.ȶ͡ɕɪ]}}
| {{ash|oadne}}
| {{ash|oadne}}
{{IPA|[ˈɔ̯͡ɑʔ.ᶡɲɪ]}}
| {{ash|oasde}}
| {{ash|oasde}}
{{IPA|[ˈɔ̯͡ɑɕ.ȶ͡ɕɪ]}}
| {{ash|''oadse''}}
{{IPA|[ˈɔ̯͡ɑʔ.ȶ͡ɕɪ]}}
|}
|}


Line 226: Line 239:
====Derived verbs====
====Derived verbs====


Derivational suffixes can be used to extend the root and create a new set of stems, such as the causative {{ash|-y-}} or the frequentative {{ash|-(d)s-}}, which can themselves, depending on the word, be stative or active (all derived verbs are inherently one or the other or both and do not display the allomorphy of basic verbs). These are some of the words derived from {{ash|oo}} "consume":
Derivational suffixes can be used to extend the root and create a new set of stems, such as the causative {{ash|-y-}} or the intensive {{ash|-(d)s-}}, which can themselves, depending on the word, be stative or active (all derived verbs are inherently one or the other or both and do not display the allomorphy of basic verbs). These are some of the words derived from {{ash|oo}} "consume":


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Basic
! Basic
! Causative
! Causative
! Frequentative
! Intensive
|-
|-
| {{ash|'''oo'''}}
| {{ash|'''oo'''}}
Line 397: Line 410:


{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảo ẻhbadsas yo}}
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o mo ảo ẻhbadsas yo}}
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head=TOP:CRESC Ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head=CLF.TOP Ao PROX-DIR-hand.INTS.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
}}
}}
Line 418: Line 431:
|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>hh</u>ea ga}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>hh</u>ea ga}}
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-<u>DIR</u>-see.ACT.RLS=REP
|gloss=ao=CLF.TOP dog PROX-<u>DIR</u>-see.ACT.RLS=REP
|translation=Ao is looking at the dog
|translation=Ao is looking at the dog
}}
}}
Line 424: Line 437:
|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>ss</u>ea ga}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>ss</u>ea ga}}
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.RLS=REP
|gloss=ao=CLF.TOP dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.RLS=REP
|translation=Ao is being watched by the dog
|translation=Ao is being watched by the dog
}}
}}
Line 455: Line 468:


|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|oadnah ảesa͠as yo}}
|phrase={{ash|oadnah ảyısa͠as yo}}
|gloss=shine.INCH.RLS-CVB:DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|gloss=shine.INCH.RLS-DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|translation=I wash in the morning
|translation=I wash in the morning
}}
}}


|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|oadnah ảo ga ảesa͠a ma}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga oadnah ảyısa͠a ma}}
|gloss=shine.INCH.RLS-CVB:DUR ao=TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.RLS=NEG
|gloss=ao=CLF.TOP shine.INCH.RLS-DUR REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.RLS=NEG
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning
}}
}}
Line 473: Line 486:


|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảhbadsas yo}}
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o mo ẻhbadsas yo}}
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=CLF.TOP PROX-DIR-hand.INTS.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|translation=you are braiding my hair
|translation=you are braiding my hair
}}
}}


|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ẻobadsas yo}}
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o mo ẻwıbadsas yo}}
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=CLF.TOP PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.INTS.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|translation=I am braiding my hair
|translation=I am braiding my hair
}}
}}
Line 492: Line 505:
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ỏd<u>s</u>oyya ga}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ỏd<u>s</u>oyya ga}}
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog DIST-DIR-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.RLS=REP
|gloss=ao=CLF.TOP dog DIST-DIR-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.RLS=REP
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink
}}
}}
Line 502: Line 515:
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba meh<u>da</u> odsoyya ga}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba meh<u>da</u> odsoyya ga}}
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog burn-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS.RLS=REP
|gloss=ao=CLF.TOP dog burn-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS.RLS=REP
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire
}}
}}
Line 520: Line 533:
|-
|-
! Inanimate
! Inanimate
| {{ash|sa͠a da ảhhea yo}}<br />"water is watched"
| {{ash|sa͠a sa ảhhea yo}}<br />"water is watched"
| {{ash|*sa͠a da ảssea yo}}<br />(ungrammatical)
| {{ash|*sa͠a sa ảssea yo}}<br />(ungrammatical)
|}
|}


Line 539: Line 552:
! Inanimate
! Inanimate
| {{ash|ảo ga <u>sa͠a</u> ỏhyoo e}}<br />"Ao was drinking water"
| {{ash|ảo ga <u>sa͠a</u> ỏhyoo e}}<br />"Ao was drinking water"
| {{ash|<u>sa͠a da</u> ảo ỏhyoo e}}<br />"it was water Ao was drinking"
| {{ash|<u>sa͠a sa</u> ảo ỏhyoo e}}<br />"it was water Ao was drinking"
|}
|}


Line 548: Line 561:
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|[owahdah bahba go ỏssoyya]<sub>1</sub> [ewahdah ẻsseaŋas yo]<sub>2}}</sub>
|phrase={{ash|[owahdah bahba go ỏssoyya]<sub>1</sub> [ewahdah ẻsseaŋas yo]<sub>2}}</sub>
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.RLS-CVB:DUR dog=TOP:ACT DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.RLS]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.RLS-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.INCH.RLS-CONJ=DECL]<sub>2</sub>
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.RLS-DUR dog=CLF.TOP DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.RLS]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.RLS-DUR PROX-INV-see.INCH.RLS-CONJ=DECL]<sub>2</sub>
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub>
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub>
}}
}}
Line 556: Line 569:
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|osya bahba go ẻsseaŋas no}}
|phrase={{ash|osya bahba go ẻsseaŋas no}}
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT shine.STAT.RLS PROX-INV-see.INCH.RLS-CONJ=Q
|gloss=light-SEMB gloss=dog=CLF.TOP shine.STAT.RLS PROX-INV-see.INCH.RLS-CONJ=Q
|translation=have you seen the white dog?
|translation=have you seen the white dog?
}}
}}
Line 592: Line 605:
==Locative verbs==
==Locative verbs==


An important part of Ash grammar is an extensive set of so called locative verbs which are used almost like a noun classification system and cover location, motion and related concepts while providing specific information about the referent at hand, such as specifying whether liquid is involved. These also have reduced clitic forms used as topic markers.
An important part of Ash grammar is an extensive set of so called locative verbs which are used almost like a noun classification system and cover location, motion and related concepts while providing specific information about the referent at hand, such as specifying whether liquid is involved. These also have reduced clitic forms used as classifiers and topic markers.


These are some of those verbs:
These are some of those verbs:
Line 598: Line 611:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Locative
! Locative
! Topic
! Classifier
! Gloss
! Gloss
! Semantic range
! Semantic range
|-
|-
| {{ash|laa}}
| {{ash|laa}}
| {{ash|la}}
| {{ash|la}}, {{ash|da}}, {{ash|na}}
| :STAT
| :STAT
| General stative (indefinite or permanent)
| General stative (indefinite or permanent)
|-
|-
| {{ash|goo}}
| {{ash|goo}}
| {{ash|go}}
| {{ash|go}}, {{ash|ŋo}}
| :ACT
| :ACT
| General active (temporary or dynamic)
| General active (temporary or dynamic)
Line 623: Line 636:
|-
|-
| {{ash|boa}}
| {{ash|boa}}
| {{ash|bo}}
| {{ash|bo}}, {{ash|mo}}
| :CRESC
| :CRESC
| Growth (hair, plants et c.)
| Growth (hair, plants et c.)
|-
|-
| {{ash|doo}}
| {{ash|doo}}
| {{ash|do}}
| {{ash|do}}, {{ash|no}}
| :PART
| :PART
| Particles (powder, sand, dust, smoke, spores et c.)
| Particles (powder, sand, dust, smoke, spores et c.)
Line 638: Line 651:
|-
|-
| {{ash|baa}}
| {{ash|baa}}
| {{ash|ba}}
| {{ash|ba}}, {{ash|ma}}
| :MAN
| :MAN
| Hand and instrumental (things held; implements and tools)
| Hand and instrumental (things held; implements and tools)
|}
There are also some classifiers without corresponding verbs:
{| class="wikitable"
! Classifier
! Gloss
! Semantic range
|-
| {{ash|ya}}, {{ash|wa}}, {{ash|nya}}
| :GEM
| Used mainly of pairs (e.g. eyes, hands) but does not denote dual number
|-
| {{ash|na}}
| :COLL
| Used mainly of collectives (e.g. people) and higher animates but does not denote plural number
|}
|}


Line 650: Line 679:


|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ĩbmo͠o bo}}
|phrase={{ash|ĩbmo͠o mo}}
|gloss=POSS-head=TOP:CRESC
|gloss=POSS-head=CLF.TOP
|translation=hair (on the head)
|translation=hair (on the head)
}}
}}


|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ĩbmo͠o da}}
|phrase={{ash|ĩbmo͠o na}}
|gloss=POSS-head=TOP:STAT
|gloss=POSS-head=CLF.TOP
|translation=head (on the body)
|translation=head (on the body)
}}
}}
Line 666: Line 695:


{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảo ẻhbadsas}}
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o mo ảo ẻhbadsas yo}}
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.RLS-CONJ
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=CLF.TOP ao PROX-DIR-hand.INTS.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
}}
}}
Line 677: Line 706:
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba go onda egoa e}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba go onda egoa e}}
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog=TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.RLS=EXP
|gloss=ao=CLF.TOP dog=CLF.TOP DIST-LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.RLS=EXP
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there
}}
}}
Line 689: Line 718:
|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo sas sa͠a}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo sas sa͠a}}
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.RLS
|gloss=sea=CLF-LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.RLS
|translation=(be) in the ocean; at sea
|translation=(be) in the ocean; at sea
}}
}}
Line 695: Line 724:
|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo sas laa}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo sas laa}}
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.RLS
|gloss=sea=CLF-LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.RLS
|translation=(be) by the sea
|translation=(be) by the sea
}}
}}
Line 703: Line 732:
===Possession===
===Possession===


Unstressed locative verbs marked with the locative converbialiser {{ash|-s}} serve to mark the possessor of a possessum.
The fossilised set of nouns that can take the possessive prefix {{ash|n-}} can follow directly after a classified possessor.
 
{|
 
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga ndoo ya}}
|gloss=ao=CLF-LOC POSS-foot=CLF.TOP
|translation=Ao's foot
}}
 
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo gã bmo͠o na}}
|gloss=ao=CLF-LOC POSS-head=CLF.TOP
|translation=Ao's head
}}
 
|}
 
Otherwise the locative converbialiser {{ash|-s}} serves to mark the possessor of a possessum.


{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảo gas osee go}}
|phrase={{ash|ảo gas osee go}}
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS-CVB:LOC breath=TOP:ORAL
|gloss=ao=CLF-LOC breath=CLF.TOP
|translation=Ao's breath (lit. "breath at Ao")
|translation=Ao's breath (lit. "breath at Ao")
}}
}}
Line 721: Line 768:
|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẻhhodses}}
|phrase={{ash|ẻhhodses}}
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.IRR-CONJ
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.INTS.ACT.IRR-CONJ
|translation=I want/need to eat; I am hungry
|translation=I want/need to eat; I am hungry
}}
}}
Line 727: Line 774:
|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẻhhodses no}}
|phrase={{ash|ẻhhodses no}}
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.IRR-CONJ=Q
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.INTS.ACT.IRR-CONJ=Q
|translation=perhaps I should eat something
|translation=perhaps I should eat something
}}
}}
Line 733: Line 780:
|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|bahba go ẻhhodse no}}
|phrase={{ash|bahba go ẻhhodse no}}
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.IRR=Q
|gloss=dog=CLF.TOP PROX-DIR-consume.INTS.ACT.IRR=Q
|translation=maybe the dog is hungry
|translation=maybe the dog is hungry
}}
}}
Line 745: Line 792:
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|nayya bahba go}}
|phrase={{ash|nayya bahba go}}
|gloss=fire-CVB:SEMB dog=TOP:ACT
|gloss=fire-SEMB dog=CLF.TOP
|translation=a brown dog
|translation=a brown dog
}}
}}
Prinsessa
1,088

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/222423...226570"

Navigation menu