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Bearlandic: Difference between revisions

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Bearlandic (view source)

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==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Word order===
===Word order===
Bearlandic normally has a SVO word order, but questions have a VSO order. Any constituent can be placed in front of the verb to add emphasis, but there can only be one constituent (which includes subordinate clauses) before the verb, which means that the subject is moved to after the verb when another constituent, or a subclause, is placed before the verb.
Bearlandic normally has SVO and V2 word order, but questions have a VSO order. Any constituent can be placed in front of the verb to add emphasis, but because of the V2 word order, the subject will have to be moved to directly after the verb.


{{Gloss
{{Gloss
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{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = Dē konin sgit dē jaggter oss a sgiter.
| phrase = Dē konin sgit dē jaggter oss a sgiter.
| IPA = /dɛ ˈkóːnin ˈsxìːt dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ɔsː a ˈsxiːtər/
| IPA = /dɛ ↗ˈkoːnin ↘ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ɔsː a ↗ˈsxiː↘tər/
| gloss = The rabbit shoot the hunter with a gun.
| gloss = The rabbit shoot the hunter with a gun.
| translation = The rabbit is shot by the hunter with a gun.
| translation = The rabbit is shot by the hunter with a gun.
}}
}}


If there is more than one verb in the sentence, there are two possibile constructions: one with an SVVO and one with an SVOV order.
===The byform===
As mentioned earlier, the byform is historically an infinitive. However, a few centuries ago its meaning somehow shifted so now both the historical infinitive and the present can be used after auxiliary verbs, with a small difference in meaning: the byform indicates some kind of certainty whereas the present has a more hypothetical meaning. In other words: the historical distinction between infinitive/indicative has become a distinction between ''bipaltnē'' "definite" and ''nitzykrig'' "uncertain".
 
As the infinitive was only used in clauses with multiple verbs, this distinction also only arose in such sentences. Furthermore, the infinitive used to appear at the end of the clause, whereas the conjugated auxiliary verbs were placed on the second position, as usual. This is still true in modern Bearlandic, so in the definite mood the byform comes at the end and in the uncertain mood it appears on the second position.
 
The exact use of the definite and uncertain moods vary by dialect, some using the one more often that the other and vice versa.
 
To illustrate this, here are two sentences, one with definite and one with uncertain:


{{Gloss
{{Gloss
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| IPA = /dɛ ˈjaxːtər ˈʋɪlː ˈsxiːt dɛ koːnin/
| IPA = /dɛ ˈjaxːtər ˈʋɪlː ˈsxiːt dɛ koːnin/
| gloss = The hunter want shoot the rabbit.
| gloss = The hunter want shoot the rabbit.
| translation = The hunter wants to shoot the rabbit.
| translation = The hunter wants to shoot the rabbit (but he may fail to do so).
}}
}}


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| IPA = /dɛ ˈjaxːtər ˈʋɪlː dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈsxiːtɛ/
| IPA = /dɛ ˈjaxːtər ˈʋɪlː dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈsxiːtɛ/
| gloss = The hunter want the rabbit shoot-BYF.
| gloss = The hunter want the rabbit shoot-BYF.
| translation = The hunter wants to shoot the rabbit.
| translation = The hunter wants to shoot the rabbit (and he won't go home until he's done so).
}}
}}
Note the use of a ''byform'' in the second sentence.


===Subordinate clauses===
===Subordinate clauses===
In subordinate clauses the verb can generally be placed either directly after the first constituent or at the end. When it's at the end, the byform is used.
Subordinate clauses always begin with a subordinating word, which, depending on the type of clause, is either a conjunction or a relative pronoun, and can be preceded by a preposition. Subclauses have the same distinction between definite/uncertain as auxiliary verbs.


{{Gloss
====Noun clauses====
| phrase = Ig wet dass dē jaggter sgit dē konin.
Noun clauses begin with the conjunction ''dass'', which becomes ''dy'' when preceded by a preposition.
| IPA = /ix ˈʋeːt dɑsː dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin/
| gloss = I know that the hunter shoot the rabbit.
| translation = I know that the hunter shoots the rabbit.
}}


{{Gloss
{{Gloss
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}}
}}


When there is more than one verb in the subordinate clause there are three different possible word orders: one in which the verbs are placed direclty after the first constituent, and two in which the verbs are placed at the end.
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = Ig wet dass dē jaggter will sgit dē konin.
| phrase = Ig will wet oss dy hi jaggt oss konins.
| IPA = /ix ˈʋeːt dɑsː dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈʋɪlː ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin/
| IPA = /ix ˈʋɪlː ˈʋeːt ɔsː dɛɪ̯ hi ˈjɑxːt ɔsː ˈkoːnins/
| gloss = I know that the hunter want shoot the rabbit.
| gloss = I want know on that he hunt on rabbits
| translation = I know that the hunter wants to shoot the rabbit.
| translation = I'd like to know whether he hunts rabbits.
}}
}}


{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = Ig wet dass dē jaggter dē konin will sgitē.
| phrase = Zess wast toig oss dy wass zess muti túē.
| IPA = /ix ˈʋeːt dɑsː dɛ ˈjɑxːtər dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈʋɪlː ˈsxiːtɛ/
| IPA = /zɛsː ˈʋaːst ˈtoːix ɔsː dɛɪ̯ ʋɑsː zɛsː ˈmyːti ˈtuːɛ/
| gloss = I know that the hunter the rabbit want shoot-BYF.
| gloss = They be.PST two-ADJZ on that what they must-PST do-BYF
| translation = I know that the hunter wants to shoot the rabbit.
| translation = They were disputing what they had to do.
}}
}}


{{Gloss
====Conditional and causal clauses====
| phrase = Ig wet dass dē jaggter dē konin sgitē willē.
Conditional and causal clauses both begin with the conjunction ''oss'', and are distinguished from each other by the choice of verb form.
| IPA = /ix ʋeːt dɑsː dɛ ˈjɑxːtər dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈsxiːtɛ ˈʋɪlːɛ/
| gloss = I know that the hunter the rabbit shoot-BYF want-BYF.
| translation = I know that the hunter wants to shoot the rabbit.
}}
 
An SVO construction may imply a somewhat more hypothetical meaning than an SOV construction, which may imply some sort of obviousness. This difference is mostly relevant in clauses with ''oss''. Compare:


{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss dē iss hiess verking.
| phrase = Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss dē iss hiess verking.
| IPA = /dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin ɔsː dɛ ˈɪsː ˈhiːɛsː veːrkiŋ/
| IPA = /dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin ɔsː dɛ ˈɪsː ˈhiːɛsː ˈveːrkiŋ/
| gloss = The hunter shoot the rabbit if it be his job.
| gloss = The hunter shoot the rabbit if it be his job.
| translation = The hunter shoots the rabbit if it's his job.
| translation = The hunter shoots the rabbit if it's his job.
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| translation = The hunter shoots the rabbit because it's his job.
| translation = The hunter shoots the rabbit because it's his job.
}}
}}
In the former of these two sentences, the fact that it's the hunter's job to shoot the rabbit is not necessarily true, so it's not clear whether the rabbit is shot or not. It the latter sentence however that definitely is the hunter's job, so it's rather obvious that he is going to shoot the rabbit.


====Relative clauses====
====Relative clauses====
A special type of subordinate clauses are relative clauses. Relative clauses always begin with a [[#Relative pronouns|relative pronoun]], or a combination of a preposition and a relative pronoun. The place of the verb within the clause depends on which function the pronoun has:
Relative clauses always begin with a [[#Relative pronouns|relative pronoun]], or a combination of a preposition and a relative pronoun. The verb always comes directly after the subject, which in its turn is placed directly after the relative pronoun, should that not already be the subject.
 
* If the pronoun functions as a subject in the relative clause, the verb comes directly after it.
* If not, the subject comes after the pronoun, and the verb comes after that.
 
Just like in normal subordinate clauses, a ''byform'' is used clause-finally.


{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = dē mann wē et a fiss
| phrase = dē mann wē et a fiss
| IPA = /dɛ ˈmɑnː ʋɛ ˈeːt a ˈfɪsː/
| IPA = /dɛ ˈmɑnː ʋɛ ˈeːt a ˈfɪsː/
| gloss = DEF man REL eat INDEF fish
| gloss = the man REL eat a fish
| translation = the man who eats a fish.
| translation = the man who eats a fish.
}}
}}
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| phrase = dē fiss dē dē mann ytē
| phrase = dē fiss dē dē mann ytē
| IPA = /dɛ ˈfɪsː dɛ dɛ ˈmɑnː ˈɛɪ̯tɛ/
| IPA = /dɛ ˈfɪsː dɛ dɛ ˈmɑnː ˈɛɪ̯tɛ/
| gloss = DEF fish REL DEF man eat.BYF
| gloss = the fish REL the man eat.BYF
| translation = the fish (that) the man eats
| translation = the fish (that) the man eats
}}
}}
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