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Dē Graut Bʉr (talk | contribs) |
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==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Word order=== | ===Word order=== | ||
Bearlandic normally has | Bearlandic normally has SVO and V2 word order, but questions have a VSO order. Any constituent can be placed in front of the verb to add emphasis, but because of the V2 word order, the subject will have to be moved to directly after the verb. | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
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{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
| phrase = Dē konin sgit dē jaggter oss a sgiter. | | phrase = Dē konin sgit dē jaggter oss a sgiter. | ||
| IPA = /dɛ | | IPA = /dɛ ↗ˈkoːnin ↘ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ɔsː a ↗ˈsxiː↘tər/ | ||
| gloss = The rabbit shoot the hunter with a gun. | | gloss = The rabbit shoot the hunter with a gun. | ||
| translation = The rabbit is shot by the hunter with a gun. | | translation = The rabbit is shot by the hunter with a gun. | ||
}} | }} | ||
===The byform=== | |||
As mentioned earlier, the byform is historically an infinitive. However, a few centuries ago its meaning somehow shifted so now both the historical infinitive and the present can be used after auxiliary verbs, with a small difference in meaning: the byform indicates some kind of certainty whereas the present has a more hypothetical meaning. In other words: the historical distinction between infinitive/indicative has become a distinction between ''bipaltnē'' "definite" and ''nitzykrig'' "uncertain". | |||
As the infinitive was only used in clauses with multiple verbs, this distinction also only arose in such sentences. Furthermore, the infinitive used to appear at the end of the clause, whereas the conjugated auxiliary verbs were placed on the second position, as usual. This is still true in modern Bearlandic, so in the definite mood the byform comes at the end and in the uncertain mood it appears on the second position. | |||
The exact use of the definite and uncertain moods vary by dialect, some using the one more often that the other and vice versa. | |||
To illustrate this, here are two sentences, one with definite and one with uncertain: | |||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
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| IPA = /dɛ ˈjaxːtər ˈʋɪlː ˈsxiːt dɛ koːnin/ | | IPA = /dɛ ˈjaxːtər ˈʋɪlː ˈsxiːt dɛ koːnin/ | ||
| gloss = The hunter want shoot the rabbit. | | gloss = The hunter want shoot the rabbit. | ||
| translation = The hunter wants to shoot the rabbit. | | translation = The hunter wants to shoot the rabbit (but he may fail to do so). | ||
}} | }} | ||
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| IPA = /dɛ ˈjaxːtər ˈʋɪlː dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈsxiːtɛ/ | | IPA = /dɛ ˈjaxːtər ˈʋɪlː dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈsxiːtɛ/ | ||
| gloss = The hunter want the rabbit shoot-BYF. | | gloss = The hunter want the rabbit shoot-BYF. | ||
| translation = The hunter wants to shoot the rabbit. | | translation = The hunter wants to shoot the rabbit (and he won't go home until he's done so). | ||
}} | }} | ||
===Subordinate clauses=== | ===Subordinate clauses=== | ||
Subordinate clauses always begin with a subordinating word, which, depending on the type of clause, is either a conjunction or a relative pronoun, and can be preceded by a preposition. Subclauses have the same distinction between definite/uncertain as auxiliary verbs. | |||
====Noun clauses==== | |||
Noun clauses begin with the conjunction ''dass'', which becomes ''dy'' when preceded by a preposition. | |||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
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}} | }} | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
| phrase = Ig wet | | phrase = Ig will wet oss dy hi jaggt oss konins. | ||
| IPA = /ix ˈʋeːt | | IPA = /ix ˈʋɪlː ˈʋeːt ɔsː dɛɪ̯ hi ˈjɑxːt ɔsː ˈkoːnins/ | ||
| gloss = I know that | | gloss = I want know on that he hunt on rabbits | ||
| translation = I know | | translation = I'd like to know whether he hunts rabbits. | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
| phrase = | | phrase = Zess wast toig oss dy wass zess muti túē. | ||
| IPA = / | | IPA = /zɛsː ˈʋaːst ˈtoːix ɔsː dɛɪ̯ ʋɑsː zɛsː ˈmyːti ˈtuːɛ/ | ||
| gloss = | | gloss = They be.PST two-ADJZ on that what they must-PST do-BYF | ||
| translation = | | translation = They were disputing what they had to do. | ||
}} | }} | ||
====Conditional and causal clauses==== | |||
Conditional and causal clauses both begin with the conjunction ''oss'', and are distinguished from each other by the choice of verb form. | |||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
| phrase = Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss dē iss hiess verking. | | phrase = Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss dē iss hiess verking. | ||
| IPA = /dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin ɔsː dɛ ˈɪsː ˈhiːɛsː | | IPA = /dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin ɔsː dɛ ˈɪsː ˈhiːɛsː ˈveːrkiŋ/ | ||
| gloss = The hunter shoot the rabbit if it be his job. | | gloss = The hunter shoot the rabbit if it be his job. | ||
| translation = The hunter shoots the rabbit if it's his job. | | translation = The hunter shoots the rabbit if it's his job. | ||
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| translation = The hunter shoots the rabbit because it's his job. | | translation = The hunter shoots the rabbit because it's his job. | ||
}} | }} | ||
====Relative clauses==== | ====Relative clauses==== | ||
Relative clauses always begin with a [[#Relative pronouns|relative pronoun]], or a combination of a preposition and a relative pronoun. The verb always comes directly after the subject, which in its turn is placed directly after the relative pronoun, should that not already be the subject. | |||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
| phrase = dē mann wē et a fiss | | phrase = dē mann wē et a fiss | ||
| IPA = /dɛ ˈmɑnː ʋɛ ˈeːt a ˈfɪsː/ | | IPA = /dɛ ˈmɑnː ʋɛ ˈeːt a ˈfɪsː/ | ||
| gloss = | | gloss = the man REL eat a fish | ||
| translation = the man who eats a fish. | | translation = the man who eats a fish. | ||
}} | }} | ||
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| phrase = dē fiss dē dē mann ytē | | phrase = dē fiss dē dē mann ytē | ||
| IPA = /dɛ ˈfɪsː dɛ dɛ ˈmɑnː ˈɛɪ̯tɛ/ | | IPA = /dɛ ˈfɪsː dɛ dɛ ˈmɑnː ˈɛɪ̯tɛ/ | ||
| gloss = | | gloss = the fish REL the man eat.BYF | ||
| translation = the fish (that) the man eats | | translation = the fish (that) the man eats | ||
}} | }} |
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