Bearlandic: Difference between revisions

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<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
Bearlandic normally has a SVO word order, but questions have a VSO order. If there is more than one verb in the sentence, there are two possibilities (the verbs are '''bold'''):
Bearlandic normally has a SVO word order, but questions have a VSO order. Any constituent can be placed in front of the verb to add emphasis, but there can only be one constituent before the verb, which means that the subject is moved to after the verb when another constituent is place before the verb.


* Dē jaggter '''will sgit''' dē konin. (The hunter wants to shoot the rabbit.)
{{Gloss
* Dē jaggter '''will''' dē konin '''sgitē'''.
| phrase = Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss a sgiter.
| IPA = /dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin ɔsː a ˈsxiːtər/
| morphemes = Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss a sgiter.
| gloss = The hunter shoot the rabbit with a gun.
| translation = The hunter shoots the rabbit with a gun.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = Oss a sgiter sgit dē jaggter dē konin.
| IPA = /ɔsː a ˈsxiːtər ˈˈsxiːt dɛ ˈjɑxːtər dɛ ˈkoːnin/
| morphemes = Oss a sgiter sgit dē jaggter dē konin.
| gloss = With a gun shoot the hunter the rabbit.
| translation = With a gun, the hunter shoots the rabbit.
}}


Note the use of a ''byform'' in the second sentence. In subordinate clauses there are generally the same two possibilities:
The object is rarely fronted. Instead the passive is used:


* Ig wet dass dē jaggter '''sgit''' dē konin. (I know the hunter shoots the rabbit.)
{{Gloss
* Ig wet dass dē jaggter dē konin '''sgitē'''.
| phrase = Dē konin vort oss dē jaggter oss a sgiter gisgit.
* Ig wet dass dē jaggter '''will sgit''' dē konin. (I know the hunter wants to shoot the rabbit.)
| IPA = /dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈvoːrt ɔsː dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ɔsː a ˈsxiːtər ɣiˈsxiːt/
* Ig wet dass dē jaggter dē konin '''will sgitē'''.
| morphemes = Dē konin vort oss dē jaggter oss a sgiter gi-sgit.
| gloss = The rabbit PASS by the hunter with a gun PERF-shoot.
| translation = The rabbit is shot by the hunter with a gun.
}}


However, sometimes this would change the meaning:
If there is more than one verb in the sentence, there are two possibile constructions: one with an SVVO and one with an SVOV order.


* Dē jaggter sgit dē konin ''oss'' dē '''iss''' hiess verking. (The hunter shoots the rabbit ''if'' it's his job.)
{{Gloss
* Dē jaggter sgit dē konin ''oss'' dē hiess verking '''zyt'''. (The hunter shoots the rabbit ''because'' it's his job.)
| phrase = Dē jaggter will sgit dē konin.
| IPA = /dɛ ˈjaxːtər ˈʋɪlː ˈsxiːt dɛ koːnin/
| morphemes = Dē jaggter will sgit dē konin.
| gloss = The hunter want shoot the rabbit.
| translation = The hunter wants to shoot the rabbit.
}}
 
{{Gloss
| phrase = Dē jaggter will dē konin sgitē.
| IPA = /dɛ ˈjaxːtər ˈʋɪlː dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈsxiːtɛ/
| morphemes = Dē jaggter will dē konin sgit-ē.
| gloss = The hunter want the rabbit shoot-BYF.
| translation = The hunter wants to shoot the rabbit.
}}
 
Note the use of a ''byform'' in the second sentence.
 
===Subordinate clauses===
In subordinate clauses the verb can generally be placed either directly after the first constituent or at the end:
 
{{Gloss
| phrase = Ig wet dass dē jaggter sgit dē konin.
| IPA = /ix ˈʋeːt dɑsː dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin/
| morphemes = Ig wet dass dē jaggter sgit dē konin.
| gloss = I know that the hunter shoot the rabbit.
| translation = I know that the hunter shoots the rabbit.
}}
 
{{Gloss
| phrase = Ig wet dass dē jaggter dē konin sgitē.
| IPA = /ix ˈʋeːt dɑsː dɛ ˈjaxːtər dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈsxiːtɛ/
| morphemes = Ig wet dass dē jaggter dē konin sgit-ē.
| gloss = I know that the hunter the rabbit shoot-BYF
| translation = I know that the hunter shoots the rabbit.
}}
 
When there is more than one verb in the subordinate clause there are three different possible word orders: one in which the verbs are placed direclty after the first constituent, and two in which the verbs are placed at the end.
{{Gloss
| phrase = Ig wet dass dē jaggter will sgit dē konin.
| IPA = /ix ˈʋeːt dɑsː dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈʋɪlː ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin/
| morphemes = Ig wet dass dē jaggter will sgit dē konin.
| gloss = I know that the hunter want shoot the rabbit.
| translation = I know that the hunter wants to shoot the rabbit.
}}
 
{{Gloss
| phrase = Ig wet dass dē jaggter dē konin will sgitē.
| IPA = /ix ˈʋeːt dɑsː dɛ ˈjɑxːtər dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈʋɪlː ˈsxiːtɛ/
| morphemes = Ig wet dass dē jaggter dē konin will sgit-ē.
| gloss = I know that the hunter the rabbit want shoot-BYF.
| translation = I know that the hunter wants to shoot the rabbit.
}}
 
{{Gloss
| phrase = Ig wet dass dē jaggter dē konin sgitē willē.
| IPA = /ix ʋeːt dɑsː dɛ ˈjɑxːtər dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈsxiːtɛ ˈʋɪlːɛ/
| morphemes = Is wet dass dē jaggter dē konin sgit-ē will-ē.
| gloss = I know that the hunter the rabbit shoot-BYF want-BYF.
| translation = I know that the hunter wants to shoot the rabbit.
}}
 
The word ''oss'' can have many different meanings. When it is a conjunction, the meaning is determined by the word order in the clause:
 
{{Gloss
| phrase = Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss dē iss hiess verking.
| IPA = /dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin ɔsː dɛ ˈɪsː ˈhiːɛsː veːrkiŋ/
| morphemes = Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss dē iss hiess verking.
| gloss = The hunter shoot the rabbit if it be his job.
| translation = The hunter shoots the rabbit if it's his job.
}}
 
{{Gloss
| phrase = Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss dē hiess verking zyt.
| IPA = /dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin ɔsː dɛ ˈhiːɛsː ˈveːrkiŋ ˈzɛɪ̯t/
| morphemes = Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss dē hiess verking zyt.
| gloss = The hunter shoot the rabbit because it his job be.BYF.
| translation = The hunter shoots the rabbit because it's his job.
}}


==Sample==
==Sample==

Revision as of 14:22, 3 November 2013

Bearlandic
Bʉrnlannts
Pronunciation[/ˈbœːrnlɑnːts/]
Created by–
Native speakersApproximately 20 million (2653)
Iropo-Antilonian languages
  • Berilonian languages
    • Western Berilonian languages
      • Bearlandic
  • Bearlandic
Early form
Old Bearlandic
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.


Background

Bearlandic (Bʉrnlannts, IPA: /ˈbœːrnlɑnːts/) is one of many languages of the planet which is called Virrolt in Bearlandic. The language belongs to the Berilonian language family, which in its turn is a branch of the Iropo-Antilonian language family.



Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ng /ŋ/
Plosive p b /p b/ t d /t d/ k q /k kʷ/
Fricative f v /f v/ s z /s z/ (ʃ) (ç) g /x ~ ɣ/ h /h/
Approximant w /ʋ/ j /j/
Trill r /r/
Lateral app. l /l/

In some dialects /ʃ/ and /ç/ occur as allophones of /s/ and /x ~ ɣ/. The latter is often slightly fronted or palatalized in the standard dialect.

All consonants except /b d ŋ kʷ v z h/ can be geminated.

Vowels

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close i u /i y/ ú /u/
Near-close i u /ɪ ʏ/
Close-mid e /e/ o /o/
Mid e /ə/
Open-mid e ʉ /ɛ œ/ o /ɔ/
Near-open
Open a /a/ a /ɑ/


Bearlandic distinguishes "short" (ɑ ɛ ɪ ɔ ʏ) and "long" (a e i o y) vowels. However, the "long" vowels are actually only pronounced long when they're stressed. Ú and Ʉ (/u/ and /œ/) are usually considered to be neither short nor long, but are, just like the "long" vowels, pronounced long when they're stressed (except when followed by a geminated consonant) and short otherwise.

There are two diphthongs: y, pronounced /ɛɪ̯/ and au, pronounced /aʊ̯/.

Phonotactics

Orthography

Most of the orthography is clear from the tables above, however, the way "short" and "long" vowels are distinguished isn't. "Short" vowels are indicated by doubling the following consonant (which indeed is geminated). If there is no consonant to double (=if the vowel is at the end of a word), a macron is used to indicate its "shortness".

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns don't have cases or genders, only numbers. The plural is usually made by adding -s to the end of the word. If it already ends in -s, -enn is added instead. However, a few nouns don't follow these rules and add -er instead, or don't change at all.

Adjectives

The comparative is formed by adding -err to the end of the adjective, while the superlative ends in -iss. If the adjective ends in a vowel, a -t- is inserted between the stem and the ending.

Any adjective can be turned into an adverb by adding -lyk. This is however only needed and done with adjectives that end in -ig.

Verbs

Regular verbs

"walk" "shoot"
Present lop sgit
Past lop-ti sgit-i
Perfect gi-lop-t gi-sgit
Byform lop-ē sgit-ē
Present participle lop-nē sgit-nē
Past participle gi-lop-t-nē gi-sgit-nē

Unfortunately, I don't know how the byform is called in English.

Irregular verbs

"be" "have" "eat" "go" "give"
Present iss heppt et ga gef
Past wast haptē ati gigti giffti
Perfect giassit gihapt giotē gigisst gigifft
Byform zyt, zyti hypē ytē gatē gyvē
Present participle zytnē hepptnē etnē gatnē gefnē
Past participle - hassnē giotnē - gigifftnē

Pronouns

Number Person Subject Object/Reflexive Possessive
Singular 1st ig mi miess
2nd ji ji jiess
3rd masculine hi emm, zigg hiess
3rd feminine zē zy, zigg zess
3rd neuter dē dē, zigg dess
Plural 1st wi oss oss
2nd jis jis jisiss
3rd zess hunn, zy hʉn

Articles

There are two articles, the definite article dē and the indefinite article a.

Numerals

1 a
2 to
3 tri
4 forr
5 vy
6 zett
7 safē
8 ottjo
9 nippē
10 tinn
11 atinn
12 totinn
20 totē
21 atotē
30 tritē
40 forrtē
50 vytē
60 zetttē
70 saftē
80 otttē
90 nipptē
100 horrt
1000 dass

Note: otttē derives from an earlier ottjotē.

Syntax

Bearlandic normally has a SVO word order, but questions have a VSO order. Any constituent can be placed in front of the verb to add emphasis, but there can only be one constituent before the verb, which means that the subject is moved to after the verb when another constituent is place before the verb.

Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss a sgiter.
/dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin ɔsː a ˈsxiːtər/
Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss a sgiter.
The hunter shoot the rabbit with a gun.
The hunter shoots the rabbit with a gun.
Oss a sgiter sgit dē jaggter dē konin.
/ɔsː a ˈsxiːtər ˈˈsxiːt dɛ ˈjɑxːtər dɛ ˈkoːnin/
Oss a sgiter sgit dē jaggter dē konin.
With a gun shoot the hunter the rabbit.
With a gun, the hunter shoots the rabbit.

The object is rarely fronted. Instead the passive is used:

Dē konin vort oss dē jaggter oss a sgiter gisgit.
/dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈvoːrt ɔsː dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ɔsː a ˈsxiːtər ɣiˈsxiːt/
Dē konin vort oss dē jaggter oss a sgiter gi-sgit.
The rabbit PASS by the hunter with a gun PERF-shoot.
The rabbit is shot by the hunter with a gun.

If there is more than one verb in the sentence, there are two possibile constructions: one with an SVVO and one with an SVOV order.

Dē jaggter will sgit dē konin.
/dɛ ˈjaxːtər ˈʋɪlː ˈsxiːt dɛ koːnin/
Dē jaggter will sgit dē konin.
The hunter want shoot the rabbit.
The hunter wants to shoot the rabbit.
Dē jaggter will dē konin sgitē.
/dɛ ˈjaxːtər ˈʋɪlː dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈsxiːtɛ/
Dē jaggter will dē konin sgit-ē.
The hunter want the rabbit shoot-BYF.
The hunter wants to shoot the rabbit.

Note the use of a byform in the second sentence.

Subordinate clauses

In subordinate clauses the verb can generally be placed either directly after the first constituent or at the end:

Ig wet dass dē jaggter sgit dē konin.
/ix ˈʋeːt dɑsː dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin/
Ig wet dass dē jaggter sgit dē konin.
I know that the hunter shoot the rabbit.
I know that the hunter shoots the rabbit.
Ig wet dass dē jaggter dē konin sgitē.
/ix ˈʋeːt dɑsː dɛ ˈjaxːtər dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈsxiːtɛ/
Ig wet dass dē jaggter dē konin sgit-ē.
I know that the hunter the rabbit shoot-BYF
I know that the hunter shoots the rabbit.

When there is more than one verb in the subordinate clause there are three different possible word orders: one in which the verbs are placed direclty after the first constituent, and two in which the verbs are placed at the end.

Ig wet dass dē jaggter will sgit dē konin.
/ix ˈʋeːt dɑsː dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈʋɪlː ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin/
Ig wet dass dē jaggter will sgit dē konin.
I know that the hunter want shoot the rabbit.
I know that the hunter wants to shoot the rabbit.
Ig wet dass dē jaggter dē konin will sgitē.
/ix ˈʋeːt dɑsː dɛ ˈjɑxːtər dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈʋɪlː ˈsxiːtɛ/
Ig wet dass dē jaggter dē konin will sgit-ē.
I know that the hunter the rabbit want shoot-BYF.
I know that the hunter wants to shoot the rabbit.
Ig wet dass dē jaggter dē konin sgitē willē.
/ix ʋeːt dɑsː dɛ ˈjɑxːtər dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈsxiːtɛ ˈʋɪlːɛ/
Is wet dass dē jaggter dē konin sgit-ē will-ē.
I know that the hunter the rabbit shoot-BYF want-BYF.
I know that the hunter wants to shoot the rabbit.

The word oss can have many different meanings. When it is a conjunction, the meaning is determined by the word order in the clause:

Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss dē iss hiess verking.
/dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin ɔsː dɛ ˈɪsː ˈhiːɛsː veːrkiŋ/
Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss dē iss hiess verking.
The hunter shoot the rabbit if it be his job.
The hunter shoots the rabbit if it's his job.
Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss dē hiess verking zyt.
/dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin ɔsː dɛ ˈhiːɛsː ˈveːrkiŋ ˈzɛɪ̯t/
Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss dē hiess verking zyt.
The hunter shoot the rabbit because it his job be.BYF.
The hunter shoots the rabbit because it's his job.

Sample

Dē fillgikentnē mann hermakti miess aut enn itig mojj bot nat dē pabrúr oss a stoppig mys dē oss pegging oss a aut zworrt zwart gisgat haptē.

The well-known man repaired my old and quite beautiful boat after a stupid girl's uncle by accident had damaged it with an old black sword.

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