Bis Burunko: Difference between revisions

Burunko verbs may be described as '''primary''', '''secondary''' or '''compound'''. At the heart of all verbs is a mono- or disyllabic root, which carries the main meaning but cannot occur alone. Here roots are written in capitals to show that they are not words in their own right, e.g. ''ZUKI'' 'touch', ''AZ'' 'take', ''KASH'' 'learn'. Such roots are essentially a closed class. In some instances, a single root may be both nominal and verbal, so ''DANG'' 'to drink' and ''adang'' 'a drink'.  

Secondary verbs are derived from primary verbs by affixation and are also a closed class, e.g. ''edakash'' 'teach', ''edanko'' 'sip'. Compound verbs are derived from a primary or secondary verb by prefixing the verb stem with another part of speech, e.g. ''izimizuki'' 'poke, finger', ''uddang'' 'drink water'. This is a large and highly productive class, in which new verbs can be formed easily.  

Verbs do not show tense, but take suffixes to show aspect:

* The '''aorist''' is the unmodified form of the verb e.g. ''izuki'' 'touch', ''ekash'' 'learn', ''yommikei'' 'kick'. It is aspectless form, referring to an action as an abstract, without any reference to time.

* The '''imperfective''' is created by adding ''-N'' to the infinitive, which is realised as ''-ng'' following vowels and ''-na'' following consonants, e.g. ''izuking'' 'touching', ''yanna'' 'taking', ''ekaina'' 'learning'. It refers to an action or state which is either ongoing or habitual.

* The '''perfective''' is created by adding ''-i'' to the infinitive, e.g. ''izukii'' 'touched', ''yazi'' 'taken, took', ''yommikeyi'' 'kicked'. It is used to denote an action or state in its entirety, without reference to its duration.

====Mood====

Mood is primarily denoted by sentence-final particles to express evidentiality, expectation, and other moods. The unmarked verb denotes a general declarative.

{| class="wikitable"

! width="100px;" | <big>'''bi'''<big>

| ''taz ze uddang bi'' || 's/he drinks water' (because I've seen it)

| Evidential || colspan="2;" | indicates that the speaker has direct experience or knowledge of the fact

! <big>'''kou'''<big>

| ''taz ze uddang kou'' || '(I hear) s/he drinks water'

| Reportative || colspan="2;" | indicates that the speaker has received the information from another source

! <big>'''teng'''<big>

| ''taz ze uddang teng'' || '(I assume) s/he drinks water'

| Inferential|| colspan="2;" | the speaker assumes that the information is correct based on other factors

! <big>'''ofu'''<big>

| ''taz ze uddang ofu'' || 'perhaps s/he drinks water'

| Dubitative|| colspan="2;" | suggests uncertainty, lack of facts or doubt

! <big>'''ite'''<big>

| ''taz ze uddang ite'' || 's/he may drink water'

| Hypothetical|| colspan="2;" | the event may be true or possible

! <big>'''eiki'''<big>

| ''taz ze uddang eiki'' || 'I wish s/he drank water'

| Desiderative || colspan="2;" | the speaker hopes or wishes something to be the case

! <big>'''ai'''<big>

| ''taz ze uddang ai?'' || 'does s/he drink water?'

| Interrogative 1 || colspan="2;" | to ask simple, direct yes/no questions

! <big>'''wa'''<big>

| ''taz ze uddang wa?'' || 'does s/he drink water or not?'

| Interrogative 2 || colspan="2;" | to ask tentative yes/no questions

The main affixes used to create secondary verbs are:

* The '''causative''' infix ''-da-'', which comes between the verbaliser ''E-'' and the root, e.g. ''edakash'' 'teach' < ''ekash'' 'learn'. This form of causative is mainly added to intransitive verbs and transitive verbs in which the subject has little or no control over the action (e.g. ''edapush'' 'show' < ''ipush'' 'see').

* The '''pejorative''' infix ''-na-'', which takes the same position as ''-da-'' and perversity, ill intent or action resulting in unfortunate circumstances, e.g. ''enakash'' 'mislearn, learn wrongly', ''enadang'' 'drink heavily, get drunk'. When used with the causative, it becomes ''-dan-'', e.g. ''edankash'' 'teach wrongly'.

* The '''iterative/frequentative''' suffixes ''-iko'' (after a vowel) or ''-ko'' (after a consonant), which denotes frequent or repeated action, or an action seemingly composed of multiple smaller instances of an action, often where the result is quiet or of limited intensity e.g. ''ekaiko'' 'study' < ''KASH'' 'learn', ''edanko'' 'sip' < ''DANG'' 'drink', ''ebaiko'' 'babble, chatter' (softly, as of a baby) < ''BA'' 'speak', ''yedeiko'' 'nibble' < ''EDE'' 'bite'.

 

 

* a '''noun''' denoting the direct object of the verb, e.g. ''xemmang'' 'to name' < ''xeng'' 'name' + ''MANG'' 'give', ''loging'' 'to sleep' < ''lo'' 'sleep' + ''GING'' 'do'. These verbs may take a new object, e.g. ''...''

* an '''adjective''', denoting various senses of being or becoming a state, or to denote the subject's feelings or opinion, e.g. ''futtoz'' 'turn white' < ''fuz'' 'white' + ''TOZ'' 'come', ''ongushi'' 'like, approve of' < ''ong'' 'good' and ''USHI'' 'consider'.

* an '''adverb''' denoting the method, direction or means of doing the action, e.g. ''fimiroz'' 'move quickly' < ''fimiro'' 'quickly' + ''OZ'' 'move'; ''yommikei'' 'kick' < ''yommi'' 'with the foot' + ''KEI'' 'strike, hit'.