803
edits
Bis Burunko: Difference between revisions
→Valency
(→Verbs) |
|||
| Line 418: | Line 418: | ||
Valency can be decreased by: | Valency can be decreased by: | ||
* Object-incorporation, in which the object noun is added to the front of the verb, replacing E-, e.g. ''uddang'' 'drink water' < ''uz'' 'water' + ''edang'' 'to drink' (compare ''uz-ke edang'' 'to drink water'). | * '''Object-incorporation''', in which the object noun is added to the front of the verb, replacing E-, e.g. ''uddang'' 'drink water' < ''uz'' 'water' + ''edang'' 'to drink' (compare ''uz-ke edang'' 'to drink water'). | ||
** An indirect object can be incorporated with the addition of the applicative suffix ''-gi'', e.g. ''bupundobagi'' 'address a council' (< ''bupundo'' 'people, council' + ''BA'' 'speak' + ''-gi'') | |||
* The '''generic object''' suffix ''-to'' is added to transitive verbs where the direct object is not stated, creating an intransitive e.g. ''ipuito'' 'see', ''ekaito'' 'learn'". | * The '''generic object''' suffix ''-to'' is added to transitive verbs where the direct object is not stated, creating an intransitive e.g. ''ipuito'' 'see', ''ekaito'' 'learn'". | ||
* The '''reciprocal/reflexive''' infix ''-be-'' is added to transitive verbs to indicate that the subject(s) and object(s) are the same, e.g. ''ebekash'' 'teach oneself/each other", ''ebepush'' 'see oneself; see each other, meet'. | * The '''reciprocal/reflexive''' infix ''-be-'' is added to transitive verbs to indicate that the subject(s) and object(s) are the same, e.g. ''ebekash'' 'teach oneself/each other", ''ebepush'' 'see oneself; see each other, meet'. | ||
| Line 424: | Line 425: | ||
Valency is increased by: | Valency is increased by: | ||
* The '''causative''' infix ''-da-'', which comes between the verbaliser ''E-'' and the root, e.g. ''edakash'' 'teach' < ''ekash'' 'learn'. This form of causative is mainly added to intransitive verbs and transitive verbs in which the subject has little or no control over the action (e.g. ''edapush'' 'show' < ''ipush'' 'see'). | * The '''causative''' infix ''-da-'', which comes between the verbaliser ''E-'' and the root, e.g. ''edakash'' 'teach' < ''ekash'' 'learn'. This form of causative is mainly added to intransitive verbs and transitive verbs in which the subject has little or no control over the action (e.g. ''edapush'' 'show' < ''ipush'' 'see'). | ||
* The ''' | * The '''applicative''' suffix ''-gi'', which makes an indirect object the direct object and indicates the beneficiary, recipient, purpose or goal of the action, depending on context and the meaning of the verb, e.g. ''edakaigi'' 'teach someone', ''ebagi'' 'speak to someone'. | ||
====Mood==== | ====Mood==== | ||