Bis Burunko: Difference between revisions

Bis Burunko has a relatively restricted syllabic structure, with a maximal form CGVVC, in which C represents a consonant, G a glide and V a vowel or part of a diphthong. Of these, only the central vowel is essential but there are also restrictions on the other elements. The table below shows the rules governing each position in the syllable:

* any consonant but ''sh, r'' word-initially (''s'' and ''p'' only occur before ''u'')

* a heavy syllable being either ends in a consonant ('''''az''''', '''''gyom-'''bu'', '''''ut'''-te'') or contains a long vowel ('''''bii''''', '''''gii'''-to'') or diphthong ('''''mei''''', ''a-'''rai'''-te'')

In some instances, stress does not follow these rules and is marked with an acute accent (e.g. ''béyong'' "knee", ''búrus'' "iriji person", ''ugáras'' "breast").

 

 

 

 

 

 

The most common way of deriving new words is by compounding.

| width="25px;" | '''1st''' || width="100px;" | ''sus'' || '''11th''' || ''xassus''

| '''2nd''' || ''haus'' || '''12th''' || ''xazaush''

| '''3rd''' || ''gish'' || '''13th''' || ''xaggish''

| '''4th''' || ''xash'' || '''14th''' || ''xasash''

| '''5th''' || ''makachi'' || '''15th''' || ''xamakachi''

| '''6th''' || ''utechi'' || '''16th''' || ''xazutechi''

| '''7th''' || ''gyenchi'' || '''17th''' || ''xaggyenchi''

| '''8th''' || ''eilenchi'' || '''18th''' || ''xazeilenchi''

| '''9th''' || ''sunenchi'' || '''19th''' || ''xassunenchi''

| '''10th''' || ''hacchi'' || '''20th''' || ''hatrunchi''

| rowspan="2;" | ''tong'' <br> 'this' || rowspan="2;" | ''to'' <br> 'that' || rowspan="2;" | ''taz'' <br> 'that' || ''nobuji'' <br> 'who' || ''imbuji'' <br> 'anyone' || ''aubuji'' <br> 'everyone' || ''bujido'' <br> 'someone'

| ''nohez'' <br> 'what' || ''inhez'' <br> 'anything' || ''auhez'' <br> 'everything' || ''heddo'' <br> 'something'

| ''tonsuki'' <br> 'here' || ''tosuki'' <br> 'there' || ''tassuki'' <br> 'there' || ''nosuki'' <br> 'where' || ''insuki'' <br> 'anywhere' || ''ausuki'' <br> 'everywhere' || ''sukido'' 'somewhere'

| ''tombye'' <br> 'like this' || ''tobye'' <br> 'like that' || ''tabbye'' <br> 'like that' || ''nobye'' <br> 'how' || ''imbye'' <br> 'anyhow' || ''aubye'' <br> 'every way' || ''byedo'' <br> 'somehow'  

| ''tombeng'' <br> 'now' || ''tobeng'' <br> 'then' || ''tabbeng'' <br> 'then' || ''nobeng'' <br>  'when' || ''imbeng'' <br> 'anytime' || ''aubeng'' <br> 'always' || ''bendo'' <br> 'sometime(s)'

| ''tongeze'' <br> 'because' ||  || ''tazeze'' <br> 'because' || ''noze'' <br> 'why' || ''ineze'' <br> 'any reason' || ''aweze'' <br> 'all reasons' || ''ezedo'' <br> 'some reason'

Burunko has no true finite verb forms and does not mark verbs according to person, number or tense. The current verbal system appears to reflect an earlier periphrastic system using participles and other non-finite forms.

 

 

Primary verbs are composed of a root with the verbalising prefix ''E-'', realised as ''i-'' before a high vowel (''i, u'') in the next syllable, as ''y-'' before vowels and as ''e-'' elsewhere, .e.g. ''edang'', ''izuki'', ''yaz'', ''ekash''. This is the minimal form a verb can take in use.

 

Secondary verbs are derived from primary verbs by affixation and include frequentatives, causatives, applicatives, impersonals etc, e.g. ''edakash'' 'teach', ''edanko'' 'sip', ''enaz'' 'steal'.  

Compound verbs are derived from a primary or secondary verb by prefixing the verb stem with another part of speech, e.g. ''izimizuki'' 'poke, finger', ''uddang'' 'drink water'. This is a large and highly productive class, in which new verbs can be formed easily. Reduplicated verbs also fall into this category, e.g. ''yazaz'' 'grasp, grab'. Compound verbs don't require the verbal prefix ''E-'', unless the initial element is a verb.

====Aspect====

Verbs do not show tense, but take suffixes to show aspect:

* The '''aorist participle''' is the unmodified form of the verb e.g. ''izuki'' 'touch', ''ekash'' 'learn', ''yommikei'' 'kick'. It is an aspectless form, referring to an action as an abstract, without any reference to time. It is also used as a verbal noun.

* The '''imperfective participle''' is created by adding ''-N'' to the aorist, which is realised as ''-ng'' following vowels and ''-na'' following consonants in the stem, e.g. ''izuking'' 'touching', ''yanna'' 'taking', ''ekaina'' 'learning'. It refers to an action or state which is either ongoing or habitual.

* The '''perfective''' is created by adding ''-i'' to the aorist, e.g. ''izukii'' 'touched', ''yazi'' 'taken, took', ''yommikeyi'' 'kicked'. It is used to denote an action or state in its entirety, without reference to its duration.

The '''iterative/frequentative''' aspect can be expressed by the secondary ending ''-iko'' (after a vowel) or ''-ko'' (after a consonant), which denotes frequent or repeated action, or an action seemingly composed of multiple smaller instances of an action, often where the result is quiet or of limited intensity e.g. ''ekaiko'' 'study' < ''KASH'' 'learn', ''edanko'' 'sip' < ''DANG'' 'drink', ''ebaiko'' 'babble, chatter' (softly, as of a baby) < ''BA'' 'speak', ''yedeiko'' 'nibble' < ''EDE'' 'bite'.  

Reduplicated verbs and those in ''-(i)ko'' form new aorist participles, to which the imperfective and perfective suffixes may be added, e.g. ''ekaiko, ekaikong, ekaikoi''.  

 

Verbs may be inherently transitive or intransitive, but are generally marked where they increase or decrease valency.

* '''Object-incorporation''', in which the object noun is added to the front of the verb, replacing E-, e.g. ''uddang'' 'drink water' < ''uz'' 'water' + ''edang'' 'to drink' (compare ''uz-ke edang'' 'to drink water').

* The '''reciprocal/reflexive''' infix ''-be-'' is added to transitive verbs to indicate that the subject(s) and object(s) are the same, e.g. ''ebekash'' 'teach oneself/each other", ''ebepush'' 'see oneself; see each other, meet'.

* The '''causative''' infix ''-da-'', which comes between the verbaliser ''E-'' and the root, e.g. ''edakash'' 'teach' < ''ekash'' 'learn'. This form of causative is mainly added to intransitive verbs and transitive verbs in which the subject has little or no control over the action (e.g. ''edapush'' 'show' < ''ipush'' 'see').

* The '''applicative''' suffix ''-gi'', which makes an indirect object the direct object and indicates the beneficiary, recipient, purpose or goal of the action, depending on context and the meaning of the verb, e.g. ''edakaigi'' 'teach someone', ''ebagi'' 'speak to someone'.

====Mood====

Mood is primarily denoted by sentence-final particles to express evidentiality, expectation, and other moods. The unmarked verb denotes a general declarative, e.g. ''taz ze uddang'' 's/he drinks water'.  

{| class="wikitable"

! width="100px;" | <big>'''bi'''<big>

| ''taz ze uddang bi'' || 's/he drinks water' (because I've seen it)

| Evidential || colspan="2;" | indicates that the speaker has direct experience or knowledge of the fact

! <big>'''kou'''<big>

| ''taz ze uddang kou'' || '(I hear) s/he drinks water'

| Reportative || colspan="2;" | indicates that the speaker has received the information from another source

! <big>'''teng'''<big>

| ''taz ze uddang teng'' || '(I assume) s/he drinks water'

| Inferential|| colspan="2;" | the speaker assumes that the information is correct based on other factors

! <big>'''ofu'''<big>

| ''taz ze uddang ofu'' || 'perhaps s/he drinks water'

| Dubitative|| colspan="2;" | suggests uncertainty, lack of facts or doubt

! <big>'''ite'''<big>

| ''taz ze uddang ite'' || 's/he may drink water'

| Hypothetical|| colspan="2;" | the event may be true or possible

! <big>'''eiki'''<big>

| ''taz ze uddang eiki'' || 'I wish s/he drank water'

| Desiderative || colspan="2;" | the speaker hopes or wishes something to be the case

! <big>'''ai'''<big>

| ''taz ze uddang ai?'' || 'does s/he drink water?'

| Interrogative 1 || colspan="2;" | to ask simple, direct yes/no questions

! <big>'''wa'''<big>

| ''taz ze uddang wa?'' || 'does s/he drink water or not?'

| Interrogative 2 || colspan="2;" | to ask tentative yes/no questions

! <big>'''bis'''<big>

| ''taz ze uddang wa?'' || 'does s/he drink water or not?'

| Interrogative 2 || colspan="2;" | to ask tentative yes/no questions

====Converbs====

Converbs are non-finite verb forms that occur in conjunction with a main verb to denote a dependent clause.

 

* The '''imperfect''' suffix ''-la'' denotes an action ongoing at the time of the main verb e.g. ''yommyolla nize fuke ipushi'' 'I saw you while walking',

* The '''perfect''' suffix ''-o'' denotes an action completed before the main verb, e.g. ''yommyozo nize fuke ipushi'' 'I saw you after walking', ''lipuo ipush bis'' "go and see!"

* The '''prefaratory''' suffix ''-xipu'' denotes an action begun after the main verb, e.g. ''yommyoshipa nize fuke ipushi'' 'I saw you before walking',

* The '''concessive''' suffix ''-are'' means 'although, even though', e.g. ''yommyozare nize fuke ipushi 'although walking, I saw you'

 

* The '''pejorative''' infix ''-na-'', which takes the same position as ''-da-'' and perversity, ill intent or action resulting in unfortunate circumstances, e.g. ''enakash'' 'mislearn, learn wrongly', ''enadang'' 'drink heavily, get drunk'. When used with the causative, it becomes ''-dan-'', e.g. ''edankash'' 'teach wrongly'.

* The '''iterative/frequentative''' suffixes ''-iko'' (after a vowel) or ''-ko'' (after a consonant), which denotes frequent or repeated action, or an action seemingly composed of multiple smaller instances of an action, often where the result is quiet or of limited intensity e.g. ''ekaiko'' 'study' < ''KASH'' 'learn', ''edanko'' 'sip' < ''DANG'' 'drink', ''ebaiko'' 'babble, chatter' (softly, as of a baby) < ''BA'' 'speak', ''yedeiko'' 'nibble' < ''EDE'' 'bite'.

 

The initial element may be:

* a '''noun''' denoting the direct object of the verb, e.g. ''xemmang'' 'to name' < ''xeng'' 'name' + ''MANG'' 'give', ''loging'' 'to sleep' < ''lo'' 'sleep' + ''GING'' 'do'. These verbs may take a new object, e.g. ''...''

* an '''adjective''', denoting various senses of being or becoming a state, or to denote the subject's feelings or opinion, e.g. ''futtoz'' 'turn white' < ''fuz'' 'white' + ''TOZ'' 'come', ''ongushi'' 'like, approve of' < ''ong'' 'good' and ''USHI'' 'consider'.

* an '''adverb''' denoting the method, direction or means of doing the action, e.g. ''fimiroz'' 'move quickly' < ''fimiro'' 'quickly' + ''OZ'' 'move'; ''yommikei'' 'kick' < ''yommi'' 'with the foot' + ''KEI'' 'strike, hit'.