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Bis Burunko: Difference between revisions
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Tense, Aspect and Mood==== | |||
The vast majority of Burunko verbs are conjugated periphrastically using a non-finite verbal noun or participle form with a finite auxiliary. Participles encode aspect information (aorist, imperfective or perfective) while auxiliaries encode tense and mood (present, past, hypothetical and imperative/hortative). Verbs are not marked for person or number. | |||
The main combinations of tense-aspect-mood (TAM) are as follows: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2;" width="150px;" | Aspect !! colspan="4;" | Tense/Mood | |||
|- | |||
! width="150px;" | Present !! width="150px;" | Past !! width="150px;" | Hypothetical !! width="150px;" | Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Aorist | |||
| Stative Present || Stative Past || General Hypothetical || Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Imperfective | |||
| Present || Past || Present Hypothetical || - | |||
|- | |||
! Perfective | |||
| Recent Past || Distant Past || Past Hypothetical || - | |||
|} | |||
Notes on the tenses: | |||
* The '''Stative Present''' or '''Gnomic''' is used to make general statements. With stative verbs it refers to existing states (e.g. 'fire is hot') and with action verbs it refers to general truths (e.g. 'birds sing'). | |||
* The '''Stative Past''' | |||
====Non-Finite Forms and Aspect==== | |||
The non-finite forms consist of an aorist participle or verbal noun, an imperfective participle and a perfective participle. | |||
The '''aorist participle''' is created using the stem of the verb with the verbal prefix ''E-'', e.g. ''izuki'' 'touch', ''yaz'' 'take', ''ekash'' 'learn'. It is in fact an aspectless form, referring to an action as an abstract, without and reference to time. | |||
The '''imperfective participle''' is created by adding ''-N'' to the aorist participle, which is realised as ''-ng'' following vowels and ''-na'' following consonants, e.g. ''izuking'' 'touching', ''yanna'' 'taking', ''ekaina'' 'learning'. It refers to an action or state which is either ongoing or habitual. | |||
The '''perfective participle''' is created by adding ''-i'' to the aorist, e.g. ''izukii'' 'touched', ''yazi'' 'taken, took', ''ekashi'' 'learned'. It is used to denote an action or state in its entirety, without reference to its duration. | |||
====Verbal Auxiliaries==== | ====Verbal Auxiliaries==== | ||