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Bis Burunko (view source)

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* an '''adverb''' denoting the method, direction or means of doing the action, e.g. ''fimiroz'' 'move quickly' < ''fimiro'' 'quickly' + ''OZ'' 'move'; ''yommikei'' 'kick' < ''yommi'' 'with the foot' + ''KEI'' 'strike, hit'.
* an '''adverb''' denoting the method, direction or means of doing the action, e.g. ''fimiroz'' 'move quickly' < ''fimiro'' 'quickly' + ''OZ'' 'move'; ''yommikei'' 'kick' < ''yommi'' 'with the foot' + ''KEI'' 'strike, hit'.


====Tense, Aspect and Mood====
====Non-Finite Forms====
The vast majority of Burunko verbs are conjugated periphrastically using a non-finite verbal noun or participle form with a finite auxiliary. Participles encode aspect information (aorist, imperfective or perfective) while auxiliaries encode tense and mood (present, past, hypothetical and imperative/hortative). Verbs are not marked for person or number.
All main verbs, whether primary, secondary or compound, have three non-finite forms:
 
* The '''infinitive''' is the unmodified form of the verb e.g. ''izuki'' 'touch', ''ekaiki'' 'teach', ''yommikei'' 'kick'. It is aspectless form, often called the '''aorist''', referring to an action as an abstract, without and reference to time.
* The '''imperfective participle''' is created by adding ''-N'' to the infinitive, which is realised as ''-ng'' following vowels and ''-na'' following consonants, e.g. ''izuking'' 'touching', ''yanna'' 'taking', ''ekaina'' 'learning'. It refers to an action or state which is either ongoing or habitual.
* The '''perfective participle''' is created by adding ''-i'' to the infinitive, e.g. ''izukii'' 'touched', ''yazi'' 'taken, took', ''yommikeyi'' 'kicked'. It is used to denote an action or state in its entirety, without reference to its duration.


The main combinations of tense-aspect-mood (TAM) are as follows:
====Auxiliary Verbs====
The auxiliary verbs are primarily used to conjugate the main verbs. ''Yita'' 'be' is used to conjugate intransitive verbs and ''izu'' 'have' is used for transitives. Both verbs have simple and causative forms, which can be affirmative ('is, has') or negative ('is not, has not').


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ style="text-align: left;" | Basic Forms for Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! rowspan="3;"  width="100px;" | Mood !! rowspan="3;" width="100px;" | Tense !! colspan="2;" | Intransitive !! colspan="2;" | Transitive
|-
! colspan="2;" | ''yita'' 'be' !! colspan="2;" | ''izu'' 'have'
|-
! Aff || Neg || Aff || Neg
|-
! rowspan="3;" | Realis !! Present
| width="100px;" | ''jaite'' || width="100px;" | ''denite'' ||  width="100px;" |  ''dozu'' || width="100px;" | ''donuzu''
|-
! Past
| ''xiteng'' || ''xiniteng'' || ''xizung'' || ''xinuzung''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2;"  width="150px;" | Aspect !! colspan="4;" | Tense/Mood
! Hypothetical
| ''yite'' || ''linite'' || ''lizu'' || ''linuzu''
|-
|-
! width="150px;" | Present !! width="150px;" | Past !! width="150px;" | Hypothetical !! width="150px;" | Imperative
! rowspan="3;" | Irrealis !! Present
| ''deji'' || ''donuji'' || ''daipa'' || ''danoipa''
|-
|-
! Aorist
! Past
| Stative Present || Stative Past || General Hypothetical || Imperative
| ''xijing'' || ''xinujing'' || ''heipang'' || ''henoipang''
|-
|-
! Imperfective
! Hypothetical
| Present || Past || Present Hypothetical || -
| ''liji'' || ''linuji'' || ''leipa'' || ''lenoipa''
|-
|-
! Perfective
! colspan="2;" | Imperative
| Recent Past || Distant Past || Past Hypothetical || -
| ''biite'' || ''benite'' || ''bozu'' || ''bonuzu''
|}
|}


Notes on the tenses:
The auxiliary causative differs from the derived causative because it tends to denote actions where the causer intentionally or directly causes the action and implies a degree of force or control, e.g. ''ekash dajaite'' means 'to make someone learn' while ''edakash'' means 'to teach'.
* The '''Stative Present''' or '''Gnomic''' is used to make general statements. With stative verbs it refers to existing states (e.g. 'fire is hot') and with action verbs it refers to general truths (e.g. 'birds sing').
* The '''Stative Past'''  


====Non-Finite Forms and Aspect====
dajaite dadenite
The non-finite forms consist of an aorist participle or verbal noun, an imperfective participle and a perfective participle.
hejaite hedeniteng
lejaite ledenite
dadeji dadonuji
hedejing hedonujing
ledeji ledonuji
bajaite badenite


The '''aorist participle''' is created using the stem of the verb with the verbal prefix ''E-'', e.g. ''izuki'' 'touch', ''yaz'' 'take', ''ekash'' 'learn'. It is in fact an aspectless form, referring to an action as an abstract, without and reference to time.
The '''imperfective participle''' is created by adding ''-N'' to the aorist participle, which is realised as ''-ng'' following vowels and ''-na'' following consonants, e.g. ''izuking'' 'touching', ''yanna'' 'taking', ''ekaina'' 'learning'. It refers to an action or state which is either ongoing or habitual.
The '''perfective participle''' is created by adding ''-i'' to the aorist, e.g. ''izukii'' 'touched', ''yazi'' 'taken, took', ''ekashi'' 'learned'. It is used to denote an action or state in its entirety, without reference to its duration.
====Verbal Auxiliaries====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ style="text-align: left;" | Causative Forms for Auxiliary Verbs
|-
|-
! rowspan="3;"  width="100px;" | Mood !! rowspan="3;" width="100px;" | Tense !! colspan="3;" | Intransitive !! colspan="3;" | Transitive
! rowspan="3;"  width="100px;" | Mood !! rowspan="3;" width="100px;" | Tense !! colspan="2;" | Intransitive !! colspan="2;" | Transitive
|-
|-
! colspan="3;" | ''yita'' 'be' !! colspan="3;" | ''izu'' 'have'
! colspan="2;" | ''yita'' 'be' !! colspan="2;" | ''izu'' 'have'
|-
|-
! Aff || Neg || Caus || Aff || Neg || Caus
! Aff || Neg || Aff || Neg
|-
|-
! rowspan="3;" | Realis !! Present  
! rowspan="3;" | Realis !! Present  
| width="100px;" | ''jaite'' || width="100px;" | ''denite'' || width="100px;" | ''dajaite'' || width="100px;" |  ''dozu'' || width="100px;" | ''donuzu'' || width="100px;" | ''dadozu''
| width="100px;" | ''dajaite'' || width="100px;" | ''dadenite'' || width="100px;" |  ''dozu'' || width="100px;" | ''donuzu''  
|-
|-
! Past
! Past
| ''xiteng'' || ''xiniteng'' || ''hejaiteng'' || ''xizung'' || ''xinuzung'' || ''hedozung''
| ''hejaiteng'' || ''hedeniteng'' || ''xizung'' || ''xinuzung''  
|-
|-
! Hypothetical  
! Hypothetical  
| ''yite'' || ''linite'' || ''lejaite'' || ''lizu'' || ''linuzu'' || ''ledozu''
| ''lejaite'' || ''ledenite'' || ''lizu'' || ''linuzu''  
|-
|-
! rowspan="3;" | Irrealis !! Present  
! rowspan="3;" | Irrealis !! Present  
| ''deji'' || ''donuji'' || ''dadeji'' || ''daipa'' || ''danoipa'' || ''dadaipa''
| ''dadeji'' || ''dadonuji'' || ''daipa'' || ''danoipa''  
|-
|-
! Past
! Past
| ''xijing'' || ''xinujing'' || ''hedejing'' || ''heipang'' || ''henoipang'' || ''hedaipang''
| ''hedejing'' || ''hedonujing'' || ''heipang'' || ''henoipang''  
|-
|-
! Hypothetical  
! Hypothetical  
| ''liji'' || ''linuji'' || ''ledeji'' || ''leipa'' || ''lenoipa'' || ''ledaipa''
| ''ledeji'' || ''ledonuji'' || ''leipa'' || ''lenoipa''  
|-
|-
! colspan="2;" | Imperative  
! colspan="2;" | Imperative  
| ''biite'' || ''benite'' || ''bajaite'' || ''bozu'' || ''bonuzu'' || ''badaipa''
| ''bajaite'' || ''badenite'' || ''bozu'' || ''bonuzu''  
|}
|}
====Tense, Aspect and Mood====
The vast majority of Burunko verbs are conjugated periphrastically using a non-finite verbal noun or participle form with a finite auxiliary. Participles encode aspect information (aorist, imperfective or perfective) while auxiliaries encode tense and mood (present, past, hypothetical and imperative/hortative). Verbs are not marked for person or number.
The main combinations of tense-aspect-mood (TAM) are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2;"  width="150px;" | Aspect !! colspan="4;" | Tense/Mood
|-
! width="150px;" | Present !! width="150px;" | Past !! width="150px;" | Hypothetical !! width="150px;" | Imperative
|-
! Aorist
| Stative Present || Stative Past || General Hypothetical || Imperative
|-
! Imperfective
| Present || Past || Present Hypothetical || -
|-
! Perfective
| Recent Past || Distant Past || Past Hypothetical || -
|}
Notes on the tenses:
* The '''Stative Present''' or '''Gnomic''' is used to make general statements. With stative verbs it refers to existing states (e.g. 'fire is hot') and with action verbs it refers to general truths (e.g. 'birds sing').
* The '''Stative Past'''


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
Psammead
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