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Bis Burunko: Difference between revisions
→Pronouns
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Personal pronouns only truly exist for the 1st and 2nd persons, the 3rd person pronouns being demonstratives. | Personal pronouns only truly exist for the 1st and 2nd persons, the 3rd person pronouns being demonstratives. There is also an '''indefinite''' pronoun ''yeka'', often used as a formal 1st singular. | ||
There is also an '''indefinite''' pronoun ''yeka'', often used as a formal 1st singular. | |||
Note that the 1st person plural has both exclusive ''bi'' 'us (but not you)' and inclusive ''bu'' 'us all'. | Note that the 1st person plural has both exclusive ''bi'' 'us (but not you)' and inclusive ''bu'' 'us all'. | ||
No distinctions of case are made, the pronouns being followed by the case particles like nouns. To form possessive pronouns, the forms are followed by the possessive particle ''na'' (when referring to alienable possession) or the genitive particle ''le'' (when inalienable), e.g. ''ni na hato'' 'my knife' but ''ni le ata'' 'my father'. | No distinctions of gender case are made, the pronouns being followed by the case particles like nouns. To form possessive pronouns, the forms are followed by the possessive particle ''na'' (when referring to alienable possession) or the genitive particle ''le'' (when inalienable), e.g. ''ni na hato'' 'my knife' but ''ni le ata'' 'my father'. | ||
'''Emphatic''' forms of the personal pronouns are created with the suffix ''-bez'', i.e. ''nibez, chibez, bibez, bubez, fubez, yekabez''. These function as both emphatic pronouns, drawing particular attention to the person, and reflexive pronouns. | '''Emphatic''' forms of the personal pronouns are created with the suffix ''-bez'', i.e. ''nibez, chibez, bibez, bubez, fubez, yekabez''. These function as both emphatic pronouns, drawing particular attention to the person, and reflexive pronouns. | ||
There is a tendency to omit pronouns, particularly the subject, where the person referred to is understood from context. | |||
A number of terms of address are used in place of 2nd person pronouns or demonstratives when speaking of high ranking individuals, including: ''fuchi, furung'' (for any addressee), ''burosh, andosh'' (for masc. addressees), ''burez, andez'' (for fem. addressees); ''burai, andai'' (for ''iriji'' addressees). | |||
====Demonstratives==== | ====Demonstratives==== | ||
Demonstratives function as both determiners (preceding the noun) and pronouns and distinguish proximal ''tong'' 'this (near speaker)', medial ''to'' 'that (near listener)' and distal ''taz'' 'that (distant from both listener and speaker, or abstract)'. No distinction is made for gender, and case is marked by particles. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! width="100px;" | !! width="100px;" | | ! width="100px;" | !! width="100px;" | Simple !! width="100px;" | Emphatic | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Proximal | ||
| '' | | ''tong'' || ''tombez'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Medial | ||
| '' | | ''to'' || ''tobez'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Distal | ||
| '' | | ''taz'' || ''tabbez'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
The plural forms ''tombu, tobu, tabbu'' occur where number is necessary for clarity or emphasis; otherwise the simple forms are used for both singular and plural referents. | |||
====Interrogatives and Indefinites==== | ====Interrogatives and Indefinites==== | ||
Burunko has a related series of adjectives, adverbs and pronouns denoting ... | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! width="100px;" rowspan="2;"| !! width="100px;" rowspan="2;" | Interrogative !! colspan="3;" | Indefinite | ! width="100px;" rowspan="2;"| !! width="100px;" rowspan="2;" | Proximal !! width="100px;" rowspan="2;" | Medial !! width="100px;" rowspan="2;" | Distal !! width="100px;" rowspan="2;" | Interrogative !! colspan="3;" | Indefinite | ||
|- | |- | ||
! width="100px;" | 'any, no' !! width="100px;" | 'every' !! width="100px;" | 'some' | ! width="100px;" | 'any, no' !! width="100px;" | 'every' !! width="100px;" | 'some' | ||
|- | |||
! An. | |||
| rowspan="2;" | ''tong'' <br> 'this' || rowspan="2;" | ''to'' <br> 'that' || rowspan="2;" | ''taz'' <br> 'that' || ''nobuji'' <br> 'who' || ''inobuji'' || ''aubuji'' || ''bujido'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Inan. | ! Inan. | ||
| ''nohez'' <br> 'what' || ''inohez'' || ''auhez'' || ''heddo | | '' ''nohez'' <br> 'what' || ''inohez'' || ''auhez'' || ''heddo'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Place | ! Place | ||