Bretonese: Difference between revisions
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Bretonese (''breçoneix'') {{IPA|/breˈθoneʃ/}} is a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in | Bretonese (''breçoneix'') {{IPA|/breˈθoneʃ/}} is a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in the Spanish autonomous communities of Galicia, Asturias and in northern Portugal. It is spoken by 30% of the population in these areas. Of these, 75% are in Spain and the remainder in Portugal and in diaspora communities. | ||
==Phonology and Orthography== | ==Phonology and Orthography== | ||
| Line 85: | Line 84: | ||
===Vowels & Diphthongs=== | ===Vowels & Diphthongs=== | ||
The monophthongs are represented by the following inventory: | |||
The | |||
{|class="wikitable" | {|class="wikitable" | ||
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===Sound Changes=== | ===Sound Changes=== | ||
====Consonant Mutations==== | ====Consonant Mutations==== | ||
As with all modern Celtic languages, Bretonese makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Bretonese has three main mutations: '''lenis''' (''[[Contionary:meyel|meyel]]''), '''spirant''' (''[[Contionary:cravel|cravel]]'') and '''nasal''' (''[[Contionary: | As with all modern Celtic languages, Bretonese makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Bretonese has three main mutations: '''lenis''' (''[[Contionary:meyel|meyel]]''), '''spirant''' (''[[Contionary:cravel|cravel]]'') and '''nasal''' (''[[Contionary:troinel|troinel]]''). | ||
The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table. | The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| ''p'' /p/ | | ''p'' /p/ | ||
| | ''b'' /b/ | | | ||
| ''b'' /b/ | |||
| ''f'' /f/ | | ''f'' /f/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''t'' /t/ | | ''t'' /t/ | ||
| | ''d'' /d/ | | | ||
| ''d'' /d/ | |||
| ''ç'' /θ/ | | ''ç'' /θ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''c'' /k/ | | ''c, qu'' /k/ | ||
| | ''g'' /g/ | | | ||
| ''g, gu'' /g/ | |||
| ''h'' /x/ | | ''h'' /x/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ch'' /t͡ʃ/ | | ''ch'' /t͡ʃ/ | ||
| | '' | | | ||
| ''j, g'' /d͡ʒ/ | |||
| ''x'' /ʃ/ | | ''x'' /ʃ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''b'' /b/ | | ''b'' /b/ | ||
| ''m'' /m/ | | ''m'' /m/ | ||
| ''v'' /v/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''d'' /d/ | | ''d'' /d/ | ||
| ''n'' /n/ | | ''n'' /n/ | ||
| | | ∅ | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''z'' /z/ | ||
| '' | | ''ñ'' /ɲ/ | ||
| | | ''y'' /j/ | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''gu'' /ɡw/ | | ''g, gu'' /ɡ/ | ||
| '' | | ''ng, ngu'' /ŋ/ | ||
| ∅ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| ''gu, gü'' /ɡw/ | |||
| ''ngu, ngü'' /ŋw/ | |||
| ''v'' /v/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''j, g'' /d͡ʒ/ | ||
| ''ñ'' /ɲ/ | | ''ñ'' /ɲ/ | ||
| ''y'' /j/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''f'' /f/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | ∅ | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ll'' /ʎ/ | | ''ll'' /ʎ/ | ||
| Line 217: | Line 226: | ||
Lenited ''g'' becomes ''v'' before words in ''go-, gu-'', e.g. ''[[Contionary:gou|gou]]'' "smith" → ''i vou'' "his smith", ''[[Contionary:gur|gur]]'' "man, husband" → ''i vur'' "his husband". | Lenited ''g'' becomes ''v'' before words in ''go-, gu-'', e.g. ''[[Contionary:gou|gou]]'' "smith" → ''i vou'' "his smith", ''[[Contionary:gur|gur]]'' "man, husband" → ''i vur'' "his husband". | ||
Lenited ''d'' becomes ''y'' before words in ''de-, di-'', e.g. ''[[Contionary:dey|dey]]'' "day" → ''i yey'' "his day", ''[[Contionary:dill|dill]]'' "method, way" → ''i yill'' "his method". | |||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
* Lenition: ''i beñ'' "his head", ''di dad'' "your dad", ''i | * Lenition: ''i beñ'' "his head", ''di dad'' "your dad", ''i gi'' "his dog", ''a reg'' "the woman", ''de Varselen'' "to Barcelona". | ||
* Spirantisation: ''i feñ'' "her head", ''tri çad'' "three dads", ''ter haç'' "three cats". | * Spirantisation: ''i feñ'' "her head", ''tri çad'' "three dads", ''ter haç'' "three cats". | ||
* Nasalisation: ''no ngreg'' "nine women", ''i Marselen'' "in Barcelona" | * Nasalisation: ''no ngreg'' "nine women", ''i Marselen'' "in Barcelona" | ||
Latest revision as of 00:24, 24 February 2024
 | This article is private. The author requests that you do not make changes to this project without approval. By all means, please help fix spelling, grammar and organisation problems, thank you. |
| Bretonese | |
|---|---|
| breçoneix | |
| Pronunciation | [breˈθoneʃ] |
| Created by | Tardigrade |
| Native to | Spain, Portugal |
Early form | |
Bretonese (breçoneix) /breˈθoneʃ/ is a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in the Spanish autonomous communities of Galicia, Asturias and in northern Portugal. It is spoken by 30% of the population in these areas. Of these, 75% are in Spain and the remainder in Portugal and in diaspora communities.
Phonology and Orthography
Bretonese Consonants
The consonant inventory for Bretonese is as follows:
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ | ŋ ⟨ng, ngu⟩ | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ | k ⟨c, qu⟩ | ||
| voiced | b~β ⟨b⟩ | d~ð ⟨d⟩ | d͡ʒ~ʒ ⟨g, j⟩ | ɡ~ɣ ⟨g, gu⟩ | |||
| Fricative | voiced | v ⟨v⟩ | z ⟨z⟩ | ||||
| voiceless | f ⟨f⟩ | θ ⟨ç⟩ | s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨x⟩ | x ⟨h⟩ | ||
| Approximant | central | j ⟨y⟩ | w ⟨u⟩ | ||||
| lateral | l ⟨l⟩ | ʎ ⟨ll⟩ | |||||
| Trill | r ⟨rr⟩ | ||||||
| Tap | ɾ ⟨r⟩ | ||||||
Vowels & Diphthongs
The monophthongs are represented by the following inventory:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | /i/ 〈i, í〉 | /u/ 〈u, ú〉 | |
| Close-mid | /e/ 〈e, é〉 | /o/ 〈o, ó〉 | |
| Open-mid | /ɛ/ 〈e, è〉 | /ɔ/ 〈o, ò〉 | |
| Open | /a/ 〈a, á〉 |
All of Bretonese's true diphthongs are falling and consist of a vowel + either /i̯/ or /u̯/.
| + i̯ | + u̯ | |
|---|---|---|
| Near-close | ɪu̯ | |
| Mid | əi̯ | |
| Open-mid | ɛi̯ ɔi̯ | ɛu̯ ɔu̯ |
| Open | au̯ |
Sound Changes
Consonant Mutations
As with all modern Celtic languages, Bretonese makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Bretonese has three main mutations: lenis (meyel), spirant (cravel) and nasal (troinel).
The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table.
| Radical | Nasal | Lenis | Spirant |
|---|---|---|---|
| p /p/ | b /b/ | f /f/ | |
| t /t/ | d /d/ | ç /θ/ | |
| c, qu /k/ | g, gu /g/ | h /x/ | |
| ch /t͡ʃ/ | j, g /d͡ʒ/ | x /ʃ/ | |
| b /b/ | m /m/ | v /v/ | |
| d /d/ | n /n/ | ∅ | |
| z /z/ | ñ /ɲ/ | y /j/ | |
| g, gu /ɡ/ | ng, ngu /ŋ/ | ∅ | |
| gu, gü /ɡw/ | ngu, ngü /ŋw/ | v /v/ | |
| j, g /d͡ʒ/ | ñ /ɲ/ | y /j/ | |
| f /f/ | ∅ | ||
| ll /ʎ/ | l /l/ | ||
| m /m/ | v /ṽ/ | ||
| ñ /ɲ/ | n /n/ | ||
| rr /r/ | r /ɾ/ |
Lenited g becomes v before words in go-, gu-, e.g. gou "smith" → i vou "his smith", gur "man, husband" → i vur "his husband".
Lenited d becomes y before words in de-, di-, e.g. dey "day" → i yey "his day", dill "method, way" → i yill "his method".
Examples:
- Lenition: i beñ "his head", di dad "your dad", i gi "his dog", a reg "the woman", de Varselen "to Barcelona".
- Spirantisation: i feñ "her head", tri çad "three dads", ter haç "three cats".
- Nasalisation: no ngreg "nine women", i Marselen "in Barcelona"