Linguifex

Brooding: Difference between revisions

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Brooding (view source)

Revision as of 07:02, 5 March 2019

1,130 bytes added ,  5 March 2019
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→‎Verbs
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* habitual - the action is something that happens on a regular basis
* habitual - the action is something that happens on a regular basis


We’ll use the example verb: ''[[Contionary:agen|agen]]'' “to see”
We’ll use the example verb: ''[[Contionary: agen#Brooding|agen]]'' “to see”


The perfective version of the verb is the basic of the verb: ''[[Contionary:agen|agen]]''
The perfective version of the verb is the basic of the verb: ''[[Contionary: agen#Brooding|agen]]''


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary:leed|leed]]'' || ''[[Contionary:agen|agen]]''
| ''[[Contionary: leed#Brooding|leed]]'' || ''[[Contionary: agen#Brooding|agen]]''
|-
|-
| I || see
| I || see
Line 1,227: Line 1,227:
‘I see.’
‘I see.’


The progressive form of the verb takes the key vowel and appends it to the end of the word: ''[[Contionary:agena|agena]]''
The progressive form of the verb takes the key vowel and appends it to the end of the word: ''[[Contionary: agena#Brooding|agena]]''


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary:leed|leed]]'' || ''[[Contionary:agena|agena]]''
| ''[[Contionary: leed#Brooding|leed]]'' || ''[[Contionary: agena#Brooding|agena]]''
|-
|-
| I || see-PROG
| I || see-PROG
Line 1,238: Line 1,238:


The habitual form is a little more complex. The last vowel of the verb is moved to the end, and is replaced by the
The habitual form is a little more complex. The last vowel of the verb is moved to the end, and is replaced by the
key vowel: ''[[Contionary:agane|agane]]''
key vowel: ''[[Contionary: agane#Brooding|agane]]''


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary:leed|leed]]'' || ''[[Contionary:agane|agane]]''
| ''[[Contionary: leed#Brooding|leed]]'' || ''[[Contionary: agane#Brooding|agane]]''
|-
|-
| I || see-HAB
| I || see-HAB
Line 1,252: Line 1,252:


The past version of a verb is where the key vowel of the verb is replaced with the contrasting vowel.
The past version of a verb is where the key vowel of the verb is replaced with the contrasting vowel.
So agen becomes ''[[Contionary:aagen|aagen]]''.
So agen becomes ''[[Contionary: aagen#Brooding|aagen]]''.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary:leed|leed]]''|| ''[[Contionary:aagen|aagen]]''
| ''[[Contionary: leed#Brooding|leed]]''|| ''[[Contionary: aagen#Brooding|aagen]]''
|-
|-
| I || see-PAST
| I || see-PAST
Line 1,264: Line 1,264:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary:leed|leed]]''|| ''[[Contionary:aagenaa|aagenaa]]''
| ''[[Contionary: leed#Brooding|leed]]''|| ''[[Contionary: aagenaa#Brooding|aagenaa]]''
|-
|-
| I || see-PROG/PAST
| I || see-PROG/PAST
Line 1,272: Line 1,272:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary:leed|leed]]''|| ''[[Contionary:aagaane| aagaane]]''
| ''[[Contionary: leed#Brooding|leed]]''|| ''[[Contionary: aagaane#Brooding|aagaane]]''
|-
|-
| I || see-HAB/PAST
| I || see-HAB/PAST
Line 1,280: Line 1,280:
===Negation===
===Negation===


Negation of verbs is marked by adding ''[[Contionary: zr-|zr-]]'' to the beginning of the verb. This applies to all versions of the verb.
Negation of verbs is marked by adding ''[[Contionary: zr-#Brooding|zr-]]'' to the beginning of the verb. This applies to all versions of the verb.


Affirmative: ''[[Contionary: agen|agen]]''<br />
Affirmative: ''[[Contionary: agen#Brooding|agen]]''<br />
Negative: ''[[Contionary: zragen|zragen]]''
Negative: ''[[Contionary: zragen#Brooding|zragen]]''


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary: leed|leed]]'' || ''[[Contionary: zragen|zragen]]''
| ''[[Contionary: leed#Brooding|leed]]'' || ''[[Contionary: zragen#Brooding|zragen]]''
|-
|-
| I || NEG-see
| I || NEG-see
Line 1,295: Line 1,295:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary: leed|leed]]'' || ''[[Contionary: zraagaane|zraagaane]]''
| ''[[Contionary: leed#Brooding|leed]]'' || ''[[Contionary: zraagaane#Brooding|zraagaane]]''
|-
|-
| I || NEG-see-HAB/PAST
| I || NEG-see-HAB/PAST
Line 1,303: Line 1,303:
===Modality===
===Modality===


Modality in Brooding is used to indicate possibility, necessity, or likelihood of certain verbs being true. In English, this sort of modality is generally handled by using various auxiliary verbs, such as ‘may’, ‘can’, ‘should’, ‘must’, &c. In Brooding, modality can be indicated with verbal infixes inserted into the verb after the key vowel. These can, of course, also be combined with tense and aspect, as above.
Modality in Brooding is used to indicate possibility, necessity, or likelihood of certain verbs being true. In English, this sort of modality is generally handled by using various auxiliary verbs, such as ‘may’, ‘can’, ‘should’, ‘must’, |c. In Brooding, modality can be indicated with verbal infixes inserted into the verb after the key vowel. These can, of course, also be combined with tense and aspect, as above.


'''Necessity, ‘must’''': insert ''[[Contionary: -che-|-che-]]''<br />
'''Necessity, ‘must’''': insert ''[[Contionary: -che-|-che-]]''<br />
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary: leed|leed]]'' || ''[[Contionary: achegen|a'''che'''gen]]''
| ''[[Contionary: leed#Brooding|leed]]'' || ''[[Contionary: achegen#Brooding|a'''che'''gen]]''
|-
|-
| I || must-see
| I || must-see
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary: sloon|sloon]]'' || ''[[Contionary: aachegaane|aa'''che'''gaane]]''
| ''[[Contionary: sloon#Brooding|sloon]]'' || ''[[Contionary: aachegaane#Brooding|aa'''che'''gaane]]''
|-
|-
| you || must-see.PST.HAB
| you || must-see.PST.HAB
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary: radla|radla]]'' || ''[[Contionary: aplagen|a'''pl'''agen]]''
| ''[[Contionary: radla#Brooding|radla]]'' || ''[[Contionary: aplagen#Brooding|a'''pl'''agen]]''
|-
|-
| We || see-OBLIG
| We || see-OBLIG
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary: lee|lee]]'' || ''[[Contionary: aaplaagen|aa'''pl'''aagen]]''
| ''[[Contionary: lee#Brooding|lee]]'' || ''[[Contionary: aaplaagen#Brooding|aa'''pl'''aagen]]''
|-
|-
| We || see.PST.OBLIG
| We || see.PST.OBLIG
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‘We had a duty to see.’
‘We had a duty to see.’


'''Advisory, ‘should’''': insert ''[[Contionary:-tlV-|-tlV-]]'' ("V" means repeat the Key Vowel.)<br />
'''Advisory, ‘should’''': insert ''[[Contionary: -tlV-|-tlV-]]'' ("V" means repeat the Key Vowel.)<br />
* ''[[Contionary: atlagen|a'''tl'''agen]]'' - should see, be advised to see, be warned to see
* ''[[Contionary: atlagen#Brooding|a'''tl'''agen]]'' - should see, be advised to see, be warned to see


'''Intentional, ‘will, shall’''': insert ''[[Contionary:-grV-|-grV-]]'' ("V" means repeat the Key Vowel.)<br />
'''Intentional, ‘will, shall’''': insert ''[[Contionary: -grV-|-grV-]]'' ("V" means repeat the Key Vowel.)<br />
* ''[[Contionary: agragen|a'''gr'''agen]]'' - will see, shall see, intend to see
* ''[[Contionary: agragen#Brooding|a'''gr'''agen]]'' - will see, shall see, intend to see


'''Probability, ‘should, might’''': insert ''[[Contionary:-khlai-|-khlai-]]''<br />
'''Probability, ‘should, might’''': insert ''[[Contionary: -khlai-|-khlai-]]''<br />
* ''[[Contionary: akhlaigen|a'''khlai'''gen]]'' - should see, will probably see, have a high likelihood of seeing  
* ''[[Contionary: akhlaigen#Brooding|a'''khlai'''gen]]'' - should see, will probably see, have a high likelihood of seeing  


'''Ability, ‘can’''': insert ''[[Contionary:-ba-|-ba-]]''<br />
'''Ability, ‘can’''': insert ''[[Contionary: -ba-|-ba-]]''<br />
* ''[[Contionary: abagen|a'''ba'''gen]]'' - can see, be able to see, have the ability to see
* ''[[Contionary: abagen#Brooding|a'''ba'''gen]]'' - can see, be able to see, have the ability to see


'''Permission, ‘may’''': insert ''[[Contionary:-ska-|-ska-]]''<br />
'''Permission, ‘may’''': insert ''[[Contionary: -ska-|-ska-]]''<br />
* ''[[Contionary: askagen|a'''ska'''gen]]'' - may see, have permission to see, be allowed to see
* ''[[Contionary: askagen#Brooding|a'''ska'''gen]]'' - may see, have permission to see, be allowed to see


'''Possibility, ‘might’''': insert ''[[Contionary:-drae-|-drae-]]''<br />
'''Possibility, ‘might’''': insert ''[[Contionary: -drae-|-drae-]]''<br />
* ''[[Contionary: adraegen|a'''drae'''gen]]'' - might see, have the possibility of seeing
* ''[[Contionary: adraegen#Brooding|a'''drae'''gen]]'' - might see, have the possibility of seeing


'''Audacity, ‘dare’''': insert ''[[Contionary:-zee-|-zee-]]''<br />
'''Audacity, ‘dare’''': insert ''[[Contionary: -zee-|-zee-]]''<br />
* ''[[Contionary: azeegen|a'''zee'''gen]]'' - dare to see, have the courage or audacity to see
* ''[[Contionary: azeegen#Brooding|a'''zee'''gen]]'' - dare to see, have the courage or audacity to see


===Nominalization===
===Nominalization===
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'''Basic verb''':<br />
'''Basic verb''':<br />
* ''[[Contionary:agen|agen]]'' - to see
* ''[[Contionary: agen#Brooding|agen]]'' - to see


'''Action''': insert ''[[Contionary:-nd-|-nd-]]''<br />
'''Action''': insert ''[[Contionary: -nd-|-nd-]]''<br />
* ''[[Contionary:andgen|a'''nd'''gen]]'' - the act of seeing, sight
* ''[[Contionary: andgen#Brooding|a'''nd'''gen]]'' - the act of seeing, sight


'''Agent''' - particular: insert ''[[Contionary:-r-|-r-]]''<br />
'''Agent''' - particular: insert ''[[Contionary: -r-|-r-]]''<br />
* ''[[Contionary:argen|a'''r'''gen]]'' - one who sees (at this moment in time), witness, observer
* ''[[Contionary: argen#Brooding|a'''r'''gen]]'' - one who sees (at this moment in time), witness, observer


'''Agent''' - habitual: insert ''[[Contionary:-l-|-l-]]''<br />
'''Agent''' - habitual: insert ''[[Contionary: -l-|-l-]]''<br />
* ''[[Contionary:algen|a'''l'''gen]]'' - one who sees (often, on a regular basis), seer, watcher
* ''[[Contionary: algen#Brooding|a'''l'''gen]]'' - one who sees (often, on a regular basis), seer, watcher


'''Patient''': insert ''[[Contionary:-sp-|-sp-]]''<br />
'''Patient''': insert ''[[Contionary: -sp-|-sp-]]''<br />
* ''[[Contionary:aspgen|a'''sp'''gen]]'' - one who is seen
* ''[[Contionary: aspgen#Brooding|a'''sp'''gen]]'' - one who is seen


'''Result''': insert ''[[Contionary:-t-|-t-]]''<br />
'''Result''': insert ''[[Contionary: -t-|-t-]]''<br />
* ''[[Contionary:atgen|a'''t'''gen]]'' - that which is seen
* ''[[Contionary: atgen#Brooding|a'''t'''gen]]'' - that which is seen


'''Instrument''': insert ''[[Contionary:-shlV-|-shlV-]]''<br />
'''Instrument''': insert ''[[Contionary: -shlV-|-shlV-]]''<br />
* ''[[Contionary:ashlagen|a'''shla'''gen]]'' - something used to see with
* ''[[Contionary: ashlagen#Brooding|a'''shla'''gen]]'' - something used to see with


'''Location''': insert ''[[Contionary:-chV-|-chV-]]''<br />
'''Location''': insert ''[[Contionary: -chV-|-chV-]]''<br />
* ''[[Contionary:achagen|a'''cha'''gen]]'' - a place where something is seen
* ''[[Contionary: achagen#Brooding|a'''cha'''gen]]'' - a place where something is seen


Nominalization can also be used with other forms of verbs as well. For example:
Nominalization can also be used with other forms of verbs as well. For example:


* ''[[Contionary:zralgen|'''zr'''a'''l'''gen]]'' - one who does not see
* ''[[Contionary: zralgen#Brooding|'''zr'''a'''l'''gen]]'' - one who does not see
* ''[[Contionary:aatgen|'''aat'''gen]]'' - that which was seen
* ''[[Contionary: aatgen#Brooding|'''aat'''gen]]'' - that which was seen


===Serial verbs===
===Serial verbs===
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
| ''[[Contionary:leed|leed]]'' || ''[[Contionary:aagen|aagen]]'' || ''[[Contionary:oodit|oodit]]'' || ''[[Contionary:awaen|awaen]]''
| ''[[Contionary: leed#Brooding|leed]]'' || ''[[Contionary: aagen#Brooding|aagen]]'' || ''[[Contionary: oodit#Brooding|oodit]]'' || ''[[Contionary: awaen#Brooding|awaen]]''
|-
|-
| I || see-PAST || run || hide
| I || see-PAST || run || hide
Line 1,411: Line 1,411:
|}
|}


In this case, the verbs ‘see’, ‘run’, and ‘hide’ are all in sequence and act as a single constituent. Note that only the first verb (''[[Contionary:aagen|aagen]]'') is marked in the past - the rest of the verbs are just listed in their basic form. Also note that this isn’t a long compound verb. The words are pronounced separately, but as the same phrase.
In this case, the verbs ‘see’, ‘run’, and ‘hide’ are all in sequence and act as a single constituent. Note that only the first verb (''[[Contionary: aagen#Brooding|aagen]]'') is marked in the past - the rest of the verbs are just listed in their basic form. Also note that this isn’t a long compound verb. The words are pronounced separately, but as the same phrase.


===Object Incorporation===
===Object Incorporation===
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
| ''[[Contionary:fosh|fosh]]'' || ''[[Contionary:ipeg|ipeg]]'' || ''[[Contionary:ofoos|ofoos]]''
| ''[[Contionary: fosh#Brooding|fosh]]'' || ''[[Contionary: ipeg#Brooding|ipeg]]'' || ''[[Contionary: ofoos#Brooding|ofoos]]''
|-
|-
| he/she || hit || cow-OBJ
| he/she || hit || cow-OBJ
Line 1,431: Line 1,431:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
| ''[[Contionary:fosh|fosh]]'' || ''[[Contionary:ofoos|ofoos]][[Contionary:ipeg|ipeg]]''
| ''[[Contionary: fosh#Brooding|fosh]]'' || ''[[Contionary: ofoos#Brooding|ofoos]][[Contionary: ipeg#Brooding|ipeg]]''
|-
|-
| he/she || cow-OBJ-hit
| he/she || cow-OBJ-hit
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
| ''[[Contionary:leed|leed]]''  
| ''[[Contionary: leed#Brooding|leed]]''  
|| ''[[Contionary:awaen|awaen]]''
|| ''[[Contionary: awaen#Brooding|awaen]]''
|-
|-
| I || hide
| I || hide
Line 1,460: Line 1,460:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
| ''[[Contionary:fosh|fosh]]''
| ''[[Contionary: fosh#Brooding|fosh]]''
|| ''[[Contionary:ootawn|ootawn]][[Contionary:awaen|awaen]]''
|| ''[[Contionary: ootawn#Brooding|ootawn]][[Contionary: awaen#Brooding|awaen]]''
|| ''[[Contionary:ileed|ileed]]''
|| ''[[Contionary: ileed#Brooding|ileed]]''
|-
|-
| he/she || cause-hide || I-OBJ
| he/she || cause-hide || I-OBJ
Line 1,474: Line 1,474:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
| ''[[Contionary:fosh|fosh]]''
| ''[[Contionary: fosh#Brooding|fosh]]''
|| ''[[Contionary:ootawn|ootawn]]''
|| ''[[Contionary: ootawn#Brooding|ootawn]]''
|| ''[[Contionary:andwaen|andwaen]]''
|| ''[[Contionary: andwaen#Brooding|andwaen]]''
|| ''[[Contionary:oofruh|oofruh]]''
|| ''[[Contionary: oofruh#Brooding|oofruh]]''
|| ''[[Contionary:leed|leed]]''
|| ''[[Contionary: leed#Brooding|leed]]''
|-
|-
| he/she || cause || hide-action || of || I
| he/she || cause || hide-action || of || I
Line 1,490: Line 1,490:
Sometimes the subject is doing something to itself. Or a number of subjects are doing something to each other. These are reflexives and reciprocals. These use special object words.
Sometimes the subject is doing something to itself. Or a number of subjects are doing something to each other. These are reflexives and reciprocals. These use special object words.


* Reflexive - ''[[Contionary:oo|oo]]''<br />
* Reflexive - ''[[Contionary: oo#Brooding|oo]]''<br />
* Reciprocal - ''[[Contionary:oone|oone]]''
* Reciprocal - ''[[Contionary: oone#Brooding|oone]]''


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary:leed|leed]]'' || ''[[Contionary:ipeg|ipeg]]'' || ''[[Contionary:oo|oo]]''
| ''[[Contionary: leed#Brooding|leed]]'' || ''[[Contionary: ipeg#Brooding|ipeg]]'' || ''[[Contionary: oo#Brooding|oo]]''
|-
|-
| I || hit || REFL
| I || hit || REFL
Line 1,505: Line 1,505:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary:fo|fo]]'' || ''[[Contionary:ipeg|ipeg]]'' || ''[[Contionary:oo|oo]]''
| ''[[Contionary: fo#Brooding|fo]]'' || ''[[Contionary: ipeg#Brooding|ipeg]]'' || ''[[Contionary: oo#Brooding|oo]]''
|-
|-
| they || hit || REFL
| they || hit || REFL
Line 1,515: Line 1,515:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary:fo|fo]]'' || ''[[Contionary:ipeg|ipeg]]'' || ''[[Contionary:oone|oone]]''
| ''[[Contionary: fo#Brooding|fo]]'' || ''[[Contionary: ipeg#Brooding|ipeg]]'' || ''[[Contionary: oone#Brooding|oone]]''
|-
|-
| they || hit || RECP
| they || hit || RECP
Line 1,527: Line 1,527:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary:leed|leed]]''
| ''[[Contionary: leed#Brooding|leed]]''
| ''[[Contionary:ootawn|ootawn]][[Contionary:awaen|awaen]]''
| ''[[Contionary: ootawn#Brooding|ootawn]][[Contionary: awaen#Brooding|awaen]]''
| ''[[Contionary:oo|oo]]''
| ''[[Contionary: oo#Brooding|oo]]''
|-
|-
| I  
| I  
Line 1,543: Line 1,543:
In English, we can de-emphasize the object (or omit it entirely) through the use of a passive voice, such as “The cow is seen.” If the subject is mentioned at all, it is in a prepositional phrase: “The cow was seen by me.”
In English, we can de-emphasize the object (or omit it entirely) through the use of a passive voice, such as “The cow is seen.” If the subject is mentioned at all, it is in a prepositional phrase: “The cow was seen by me.”


In Brooding, a passive is made by omitting the subject and just having an object. However, given that Brooding is a V2 language, the verb MUST be second. So the object moves to the front of the sentence. If the subject is mentioned at all, it is in a preposition phrase using ''[[Contionary: ite|ite]]''.
In Brooding, a passive is made by omitting the subject and just having an object. However, given that Brooding is a V2 language, the verb MUST be second. So the object moves to the front of the sentence. If the subject is mentioned at all, it is in a preposition phrase using ''[[Contionary: ite#Brooding|ite]]''.


Active:
Active:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary: leed|leed]]'' || ''[[Contionary: agen|agen]]'' || ''[[Contionary: ofoos|ofoos]]'' || ''[[Contionary: ga|ga]]''
| ''[[Contionary: leed#Brooding|leed]]'' || ''[[Contionary: agen#Brooding|agen]]'' || ''[[Contionary: ofoos#Brooding|ofoos]]'' || ''[[Contionary: ga#Brooding|ga]]''
|-
|-
| I || see || cow-OBJ || that
| I || see || cow-OBJ || that
Line 1,559: Line 1,559:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary: ofoos|ofoos]]'' || ''[[Contionary: ga|ga]]'' || ''[[Contionary: agen|agen]]''
| ''[[Contionary: ofoos#Brooding|ofoos]]'' || ''[[Contionary: ga#Brooding|ga]]'' || ''[[Contionary: agen#Brooding|agen]]''
|-
|-
| cow-OBJ || that || see
| cow-OBJ || that || see
Line 1,569: Line 1,569:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary: ofoos|ofoos]]'' || ''[[Contionary: ga|ga]]'' || ''[[Contionary: agen|agen]]'' || ''[[Contionary: ite|ite]]'' || ''[[Contionary: leed|leed]]''
| ''[[Contionary: ofoos#Brooding|ofoos]]'' || ''[[Contionary: ga#Brooding|ga]]'' || ''[[Contionary: agen#Brooding|agen]]'' || ''[[Contionary: ite#Brooding|ite]]'' || ''[[Contionary: leed#Brooding|leed]]''
|-
|-
| cow-OBJ || that || see || by || I
| cow-OBJ || that || see || by || I
Line 1,583: Line 1,583:
something.
something.


The copula verb in Brooding is ''[[Contionary: aeram|aeram]]''. It is treated as a regular verb:
The copula verb in Brooding is ''[[Contionary: aeram#Brooding|aeram]]''. It is treated as a regular verb:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary: leed|leed]]'' || ''[[Contionary: aeram|aeram]]'' || ''[[Contionary: yuhneeshe|yuhneeshe]]''
| ''[[Contionary: leed#Brooding|leed]]'' || ''[[Contionary: aeram#Brooding|aeram]]'' || ''[[Contionary: yuhneeshe#Brooding|yuhneeshe]]''
|-
|-
| I || COP || cold
| I || COP || cold
Line 1,597: Line 1,597:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary: fosh|fosh]]'' || ''[[Contionary: eram|eram]]'' || ''[[Contionary: dootham|dootham]]''
| ''[[Contionary: fosh#Brooding|fosh]]'' || ''[[Contionary: eram#Brooding|eram]]'' || ''[[Contionary: dootham#Brooding|dootham]]''
|-
|-
| he/she || COP-PAST || sibling
| he/she || COP-PAST || sibling
Line 1,612: Line 1,612:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary: leed|leed]]'' || ''[[Contionary: aeram|aeram]]'' || ''[[Contionary: chee|chee]]'' || ''[[Contionary: fosh|fosh]]''
| ''[[Contionary: leed#Brooding|leed]]'' || ''[[Contionary: aeram#Brooding|aeram]]'' || ''[[Contionary: chee#Brooding|chee]]'' || ''[[Contionary: fosh#Brooding|fosh]]''
|-
|-
| I || COP || with || he/she
| I || COP || with || he/she
Line 1,623: Line 1,623:


Existential predicates indicate that something exists. In English, we use “there is” or “there are” to indicate this. Brooding has
Existential predicates indicate that something exists. In English, we use “there is” or “there are” to indicate this. Brooding has
its own verb for this: ''[[Contionary: auplen|auplen]]''. Like the copula, this is a verb and can have aspect, tense, negation, etc.
its own verb for this: ''[[Contionary: auplen#Brooding|auplen]]''. Like the copula, this is a verb and can have aspect, tense, negation, etc.


In existentials, there is no object, we are just saying something exists.  
In existentials, there is no object, we are just saying something exists.  
Line 1,629: Line 1,629:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary: geeth|geeth]]'' || ''[[Contionary: auplen|auplen]]''
| ''[[Contionary: geeth#Brooding|geeth]]'' || ''[[Contionary: auplen#Brooding|auplen]]''
|-
|-
| tree || EXIST
| tree || EXIST
Line 1,644: Line 1,644:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''[[Contionary: daroon|daroon]]'' || ''[[Contionary: aeram|aeram]]'' || ''[[Contionary: chee|chee]]'' || ''[[Contionary: leed|leed]]''
| ''[[Contionary: daroon#Brooding|daroon]]'' || ''[[Contionary: aeram#Brooding|aeram]]'' || ''[[Contionary: chee#Brooding|chee]]'' || ''[[Contionary: leed#Brooding|leed]]''
|-
|-
| name || COP || with || I
| name || COP || with || I
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