Brung: Difference between revisions
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'''Brung''' is a Khoisan language isolate spoken in Lõis's South Africa and Namibia. | |||
''' | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
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! | <small>voiceless</small> | ! | <small>voiceless</small> | ||
| '''f''' /f/ | | '''f''' /f/ | ||
| '''ß''' /s/, ''' | | '''ß''' /s/, '''ßch''' /ʃ/ | ||
| '''ch''' /ç/ | | '''ch''' /ç/ | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 72: | Line 60: | ||
! | <small>voiced</small> | ! | <small>voiced</small> | ||
| '''w''' /v/ | | '''w''' /v/ | ||
| '''s''' /z | | '''s''' /z/, '''sch''' /ʒ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| '''z, tz''' /ts/ | | '''z, tz''' /ts/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | '''kch''' /kx/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! colspan="2" |Tap | ! colspan="2" |Tap | ||
| | | | ||
| '''r''' | | '''r''' /ɾ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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Lifted from Finnish. | Lifted from Finnish. | ||
Brung has vowel harmony where front and back vowels can't be in the same word; in addition, there's also click harmony where words that have front vowels can have palatal clicks but not alveolar clicks, which pattern with back vowels. Bilabial, dental and lateral clicks are considered neutral. | |||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
Prosody and | Prosody and other suprasegmentals are very similar to Standard German. | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
| Line 116: | Line 104: | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
Nouns in Brung have three grammatical genders as in German and Nama. | |||
There are four grammatical cases: nominative, accusative, genitive/prepositional and ablative, the last functioning as a partitive and a dechticaetiative. | |||
Nominal morphology is marked entirely on the article/determiner. Determiners depend on specificity, deixis, gender, number, case, and honorifics. | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
Latest revision as of 21:56, 3 March 2024
Brung is a Khoisan language isolate spoken in Lõis's South Africa and Namibia.
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
prevoiced stops spelled dt, bp, gk?
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Click | voiceless | kʘ /kʘ/, k! /k!/, kǀ /kǀ/, kǁ /ɡǁ/, kǂ /kǂ/ | |||||
| voiced | gʘ /ŋʘ~ɡʘ/, g! /ŋ!~ɡ!/, gǀ /ŋǀ~ɡǀ/, gǁ /ɡǁ/, gǂ /ŋǂ~ɡǂ/ | ||||||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | k, ck /k/ | /ʔ-/ | ||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /ɡ/ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f /f/ | ß /s/, ßch /ʃ/ | ch /ç/ | ch [χ] | h /h/ | |
| voiced | w /v/ | s /z/, sch /ʒ/ | |||||
| Affricate | pf /pf/, bw /bv/ | z, tz /ts/ | kch /kx/ | ||||
| Tap | r /ɾ/ | ||||||
| Approximant | l /l/ | j /j/ | |||||
Vowels
Lifted from Finnish.
Brung has vowel harmony where front and back vowels can't be in the same word; in addition, there's also click harmony where words that have front vowels can have palatal clicks but not alveolar clicks, which pattern with back vowels. Bilabial, dental and lateral clicks are considered neutral.
Prosody
Prosody and other suprasegmentals are very similar to Standard German.
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns in Brung have three grammatical genders as in German and Nama.
There are four grammatical cases: nominative, accusative, genitive/prepositional and ablative, the last functioning as a partitive and a dechticaetiative.
Nominal morphology is marked entirely on the article/determiner. Determiners depend on specificity, deixis, gender, number, case, and honorifics.