Brytho-Hellenic

Brytho-Hellenic
Elynik (to kaen)
Pronunciation	[[Help:IPA|ɛ'le:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]]
Created by	–
Native to	Elas to Kaen
Native speakers	52 millions (2012)
Language family	Indo-European Hellenic Celto-Hellenic Brytho-Hellenic
Official status
Official language in	Elas to Kaen
Language codes
ISO 639-1	el
ISO 639-2	ely
ISO 639-3	ely
New Greece or "Elas to Kaen"

General information

Brytho-Hellenic, Brythohellenic or simply Neohellenic (the native name is Elynik) is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales. In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again. In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat. In 381 b.C. Conon the Athenian and his Greeks reach our Scilly Islands: they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the New Greece or Elas to Kaen (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

Phonology

Alphabet

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the Greek language to communicate, whereas the Latin language became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the Latin alphabet, maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes. As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 23 letters:

Letters	Pronunciation	Further informations
a	[a]	-
b	[b]	-
d	[d]	-
dd	[ð]	it is pronounced as th in the word this
e	[ɛ]	it is always pronounced open
f	[v]	-
ff	[f]	-
g	[g] / [ʝ] / [h] ([x]) / [ ]	it is always pronunced as in the English word get
h	[h]	-
i	[i] / [j]	often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
k	[k]	it is always pronunced as in the English word kite
l	[l]	-
m	[m]	-
n	[n]	-
o	[ɔ] / [o]	it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
p	[p]	-
r	[r]	trilled just as in Italian
s	[s]	always voiceless
t	[t]	-
th	[θ]	as th in the English thin
u	[i]	-
w	[u] / [w]	it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel; when it is followed by l or r it can have either a consonantal or vocalic value, to distinguish it, it is written ŵ when it has a vocalic value
y	[i] / [e]	in monosyllabic words it is read as [i], in polysyllabic words it is read [i] if in the last syllable, otherwise [e]

Consonantal phonemes

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

Phonemes	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	p b			t d			k g
Affricate
Nasal	m	(ɱ)		n			(ŋ)
Fricative		f v	θ ð	s			(x)	h
Approximant				r̥ r		j	w
Lateral approximant				l

In the South-Western area (our Cornwall) the h within words is pronounced as [x].

Vocalic phonemes

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

Phonemes
Opening	Front	Back
Closed	i	u
Mid-closed	e	o
Mid-open	ɛ	ɔ
Open	a

Diphthongs and digraphs

In Brythohellenic there are 22 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

Diphthongs	Pronunciation
ae, ai, ay	[ai̯]
aw	[au̯]
ei, eu, ey	[ɛi̯]
ew	[ɛu̯]
ia	[ja]
ie	[jɛ]
io	[jɔ] / [jo]
iw	[ju]
oe, oi, oy	[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
uw	[iu̯]
wa	[wa]
we	[wɛ]
wi	[wi]
wo	[wɔ] / [wo]
wy	[wi] / [we]
yw	[iu̯] / [eu̯]

Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: rh [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations, f.ex. dd, ff, th are considered true letters.

Stress

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the Brythonic languages. Two main changes have been:

• often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: σοφία > *σόφια > heff, "knowledge";
• almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: καινός > kaen, "new"; θάνατος > thanadd, "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: thalas ['θalas], "sea" > thalasas [θa'lasas], "seas"; aelŵr ['ai̯lur], "cat" > aelŵroe [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Grammar

Nouns, gender and number

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynig has got two genders - masculine and feminine - and two numbers - singular and plural. It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender. Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

• oe, that is typical of masculine nouns;
• ae, that is used with feminine nouns;
• as, less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Unfortunately there are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of ith, "fish", is ithwas; the plural of gys, "earth", is gae; the plural of ŵr, "water", is ŵddas, and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few. Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

Singular	Plural	Gender	Meaning	Singular	Plural	Gender	Meaning
lidd	liddoe	masculine	stone	pwd	pwdas	masculine	foot
kŵr	kŵrae	feminine	land	ŵran	wranoe	masculine	sky, heaven
kryfid	kryfidas	feminine	shoe	ffws	ffwddas	masculine	light
biodd	bioddoe	masculine	life	lws	lwsae	feminine	language
thyr	thyras	masculine	animal	bifyl	bifloe	masculine	book
ef	afae	feminine	love	alwfik	alwfikae	masculine	fox
koeran	koeranoe	masculine	lord	koeren	koeranae	feminine	lady
enyr	annyr	masculine	man	gunys	gunae	feminine	woman
pur	puroe	masculine	fire	keffel	keffalae	feminine	head
tof	tofoe	masculine	place	kron	kronoe	masculine	time
oddyr	oddroe	masculine	morning	yfer	yferae	feminine	day
dyl	dylae	feminine	afternoon	effer	efferae	feminine	evening
nuth	nuthas	feminine	night	hilyn	hilynae	feminine	moon
seldd	selddoe	masculine	priest	sildd	selddae	feminine	priestess
dennyr	dennyras	masculine	tree	kadd	kaddas	masculine	hand
etyr	eteras	masculine	star	omadd	omaddas	masculine	eye
keddydd	keddyddas	masculine	teacher	ffil	ffiloe	masculine	friend
ethyr	ethroe	masculine	enemy	eddaer	eddaeroe	masculine	lover
kuwn	kunoe	masculine	dog	kom	komoe	masculine	world

Loan words

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority". During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

Original word	Singular	Plural	Gender	Meaning
derwen	darwen	darwenae	feminine	oak
derwydd	darwydd	darwyddas	masculine	priest, magician, druid
bryn	bryn	brynae	feminine	hill
nifwl	nifyl	nifloe	masculine	mist, fog
llyn	lyn	lynoe	masculine	lake
gwellt	gweldd	gwelddas	feminine	grass
ofydd	ofydd	ofyddas	masculine	ovate
bardos	bard	bardas	masculine	poet
awen	awen	awenae	feminine	inspiration
bleydh	bleudh	bleuddas	masculine	wolf
lowarth	lowarth	lowarthas	feminine	paradise
calon	kalen	kalenae	feminine	heart

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ουάτις, a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*vatis), comes gwedd, "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ofydd, that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain. Another example is the word bard, that has substituted the Ancient Greek ἀοιδός, whose descendant, awid, has got the meaning of "artist". Even the word awen has substituted another Greek word, daefon < *δαιμόνος < δαιμόνιον, that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural Awenae is also used to mean Mwsae, plural of Mws < Mοῦσα, "Muse".

Formation of feminine

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender. Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

• -yr (pl. -(y)rae), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with -ydd and denoting agent, ex.: melbydd (= "singer") > melbyddyr (plural: melbyddrae);
• -en (pl. -anae), added to many nouns, ex.: ethyr > ethren (plural: ethranae); ffil > ffilen (plural: ffilanae);
• -e- (pl. -a-ae), that replaces the ending a + consonant of many masculine nouns, ex.: elaff (= "deer") > eleff (plural: elaffae); maw (= "sorcerer") > mew (= "witch") (plural: mawae).

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: seldd > sildd (plural: selddae).

Articles

Brythohellenic hasn't got indefinite article, to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: aelŵr means both "a cat" and "cat", and gunaes means both "some women" and "women". There is only one kind of article, the definite one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations. The definite article has got one invariable form, to, that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: to omyr, "the rain"; to hwfadd, "the body"; to lwsae, "the languages"; to nysoe, "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynik the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

• to omyr > omyr to surin (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
• to nysoe > nysoe to eueddoe (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

• Elas (= "Greece") > Elas to Kaen (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
• Elyn (= "Helena") > Elyn to plyd kalin (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word Elas to mean Elas to Kaen, while the "Old Greece" is known as Elas to Paladd.

Adjectives

Elynik adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, to, is put between the noun and the adjective. Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in -oe, and one for feminine, ending in -ae. Some adjectives:

Singular	Masculine plural	Feminine plural	Meaning	Singular	Masculine plural	Feminine plural	Meaning
iwydd	iwyddoe	iwyddae	good	penyr	penyroe	penyrae	bad
elyf	elfoe	elfae	happy	lur	luroe	lurae	sad
egrin	egrinoe	egrinae	tall / high	thafal	thafaloe	thafalae	short
kalin	kalinoe	kalinae	beautiful / goodlooking	aehyr	aehroe	aehrae	ugly
meal	mealoe	mealae	big / great	migrin	migrinoe	migrinae	little / small
paladd	paladdoe	paladdae	old	yfik	yfikoe	yfikae	young
thenar	thenaroe	thenarae	strong	athin	athinoe	athinae	weak
therfin	therfinoe	therfinae	hot	surin	surinoe	surinae	cold
ffofer	ffoferoe	ffoferae	terrible	plys	plysoe	plysae	near / close
tyleddin	tyleddinoe	tyleddinae	far / distant	semyk	semykoe	semykae	tired

Some usage examples:

• migrin + aelŵr > aelŵr migrin (= "(a) little cat");
• meal + to enyr > enyr to meal (= "the big man");
• semyk + to koeren·yf > koeren·yf to semyk (= "my tired lady").

Comparative

The higher degree comparative is usually formed with the word wa that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by y ex.:

• Andd wa kalin y dennyr > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix -wn, ex.:

• Andd kalddwn y dennyr > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The same degree comparative is formed with the periphrasis wddys + adjective + yffer, ex.:

• Andd wddys kalin yffer dennyr > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The lower degree comparative is formed with the periphrasis myon + adjective + y, ex.:

• Andd myon kalin y dennyr > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

Positive	Comparative	Positive	Comparative
iwydd	areddwn	penyr	yswn
kalin	kalddwn	red (= "easy")	rawn
migrin	meddwn	meal	myswn
polus (= "many/much")	pleddwn	alwyn (= "painful/agonizing")	alddwn

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

• Ys hi areddwn y ey - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: areddwnoe vs. areddwnae.

Superlative

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word plyd, that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with en (= "in") / efan (= "of"), ex.:

• Andd to plyd kalin en to kom - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix -yd:

• Andd to kalyd efan to kom - The most beautiful flower of the world.

Adjectives with an irregular superlative

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
iwydd	areddwn	aryd	penyr	yswn	ykyd
kalin	kalddwn	kalyd	red	rawn	rad
migrin	meddwn	elehyd	meal	myswn	meyd
polus	pleddwn	plyd	alwyn	alddwn	alwyd

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
paladd	wa paladd / paladdwn	plyd paladd / paladdyd
lur	wa lur / lurwn	plyd lur / luryd
egrin	wa egrin / egrinwn	plyd egrin / egrinyd
plys	wa plys / plyswn	plyd plys / plysyd

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: aryd > arydoe, arydae.

Numerals

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

Number	Cardinal	Ordinal	Number	Cardinal	Ordinal
0	wden	-	1	eis	prwdd
2	dios	deudder	3	trys	tridd
4	tethar	tethardd	5	pen	pendd
6	es	eth	7	efft	eudodd
8	oth	owodh	9	enah	enadd
10	deg	degadd	11	enneg	ennegadd
12	dydeg	dydegadd	13	trydeg	trydegadd
14	tethardeg	tethardegadd	15	penneg	pennegadd
16	eddeg	eddegadd	17	effteg	efftegadd
18	othwdeg	othwdegadd	19	enadeg	enadegadd
20	iwaen	iwaed	21	iwaen sun eis	iwaed sun prwdd
22	iwaen sun dios	iwaed sun deudder	30	iwaen-deg	iwaendegadd
31	iwaen-deg sun eis	iwaendegadd sun prwdd	40	dioewaen	dioewaed
50	dioewaen-deg	dioewaendegadd	60	triwaen	triwaed
70	triwaen-deg	triwaen-degadd	80	tetharwaen	tetharwaed
90	tetharwaen-deg	tetharwaendegadd	100	egadd	egaddod

From egadd on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

Number	Cardinal	Ordinal	Number	Cardinal	Ordinal
200	diagesioe/ae	diagesiod	300	trygesioe/ae	trygesiod
400	tethragesioe/ae	tethragesiod	500	pennagesioe/ae	pennagesiod
600	esagesioe/ae	esagesiod	700	efftagesioe/ae	efftagesiod
800	othagesioe/ae	othagesiod	900	enagesioe/ae	enagesiod
1000	hilioe/ae	hiliod	2000	diahilioe/ae	diahiliod
3000	tryhilioe/ae	tryhiliod	4000	tethrahilioe/ae	tethrahiliod
5000	pennahilioe/ae	pennahiliod	6000	esahilioe/ae	esahiliod
7000	efftahilioe/ae	efftahiliod	8000	othahilioe/ae	othahiliod
10000	mirioe/ae	miriod	11000	mirioe/ae sun hilioe/ae	miriod sun hiliod
20000	dimirioe/ae	dimiriod	100000	egadd-hilioe	egadd-hiliod
500000	pennagesioe-hilioe	pennagesioe-hiliod	1000000	kryn	krynod
2000000	dios krynoe	deudder krynod	1000000	riagryn	riagryd

Pronouns and kinds of adjectives

Personal pronouns

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: nominative, accusative, and dative.

Case	1st person
	Singular		Plural
Nominative	ew		fys
Accusative	fe		fas
Dative	foe		fin
Case	2nd person
	Singular		Plural
Nominative	hi		ffy
Accusative	he		ffas
Dative	hoe		ffyn
Case	3rd person
	Masculine s.	Feminine s.	Masculine pl.	Feminine pl.
Nominative	o	ỳ	oe	ae
Accusative	ton	tyn	tws	tas
Dative	tw	ty	toes	taes

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

• Dwn hi foe tyn - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun it is translated in Brythohellenic with ỳ. The feminine pronoun ỳ is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition y (= "than"). When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

• Dwn hi tyn bros to koeren - Give it to the lady;
• Dwn hi ty to kuwn - Give her the dog.

Demonstratives

There are two demonstratives: wdd (= "this") and egyn (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

Person	Adverb	Demonstrative	Meaning
1st	nawdd	wdd	this
2nd	kys	egyn	that
3rd

Demonstratives always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

• To aelŵr ŵdd - This cat.

Demonstratives also got plural forms:

Number	Wdd	Egyn
Singular	wdd (f. aedd)	egyn
Plural	ddoe (f. ddae)	egynoe (f. egynae)

Some examples:

• Yf ew en to oek wdd - I'm in this house;
• Ew erhonn e tho oek egyn - I come from that house.

Possessives

Possessives are enclitical, so they need always that the substantive they are referred to is explicit. If they have to be used as pronouns, then they are used with the definite article:

Person	Possessive
ew	-yf
hi	-ys
o	-yt
ỳ	-yt
fys	-oen
ffy	-edd
oe / ae	-yn

Here are some examples:

• To aelŵr·yf > To·yf - My cat > Mine;
• To kuwn·ys > To·ys - Your dog > Yours;
• To gunys·yt > To·yt - His wife > His;
• To enyr·yt > To·yt - Her man > Hers;
• To thyr·oen > To·oen - Our animal > Ours;
• To ffil·edd > To·edd - Your friend > Yours;
• To kalen·yn > To·yn - Their heart > Theirs.

Plural:

• To aelŵroe·yf > To·yf - My cats > Mine;
• To kunoe·ys > To·ys - Your dogs > Yours;
• To gunae·yt > To·yt - His wifes > His;
• To annyr·yt > To·yt - Her men > Hers;
• To thyras·oen > To·oen - Our animals > Ours;
• To ffiloe·edd > To·edd - Your friends > Yours;
• To kalenae·yn > To·yn - Their hearts > Theirs.

The point between the word and the enclitic possessive underlines that the accent doesn't move, that is a noun in its "possessive form" has the accent on the last but two syllable.

Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

Case	Tis (who)	Ti (what)
Nominative	tis	ti
Accusative	ten	ti
Dative	ty	ty
Genitive	twn	twn

Ex.:

• Tis ys o? - Who is he?
• Tis kalin kuwn! - What a beautiful dog!
• Twn ys to bifyl wdd? - Whose is this book?
• Ty elehas tyn? - Whom have you said it to?
• To egyn ys to gunys ten ew afonn - That is the woman whom I love.

Indefinites

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

Indefinite	Meaning
wddis	someone/anyone
eddi	something/anything
mydys	nobody
myden	nothing
olen	each
pan	all
edder	other
ofodd	same, self

When pan is used as adjective, it has the singular form pas and the plural forms panas for masculine and pasae for feminine. Also edder has got plural: edderoe for masculine and edderae for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word alen:

• To alenoe/ae - The others;
• Ys hi krysonn eddi alen? - Do you need something else?
• Ys ỳ gnokonn wddis alen? - Does she know someone else?

Vocabulary

Colour terms

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except white, black and red, colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people. There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as klŵr (= "green"), porhur (= "purple-red"), arwirin (= "silver") or hegin (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.

Colour terms
Source	Brythohellenic	English
μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)	melaen	black
κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)	kelaen; ffwrg	dark, obscure
λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)	lemyr	light, pale, fair
lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)	liwys	grey
gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)	gwyn	white
φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)	ffaeglur	bright, lucid
rudhvelyn (Cornish), "orange"	felin	orange
ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)	ruddyr	red
πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)	porhur	purple-red
gwaed (Welsh), "blood"	gwaedin	burgundy
crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"	krilysin	violet, purple
ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"	ynnik	indigo
χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"	klŵr; gwylsin	green
ebron (Cornish), "sky"	brenin	light blue, cyan
θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"	thalesin	dark blue
mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"	mylin	yellow
dur (Cornish), "earth"	durin	brown
χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";	krusin; ŵrin	golden
rosen (Cornish), "rose"	resin	pink
ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"	arwirin; ytrin	silver
χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"	helgin; yfyddin	bronze-coloured

Fruit and vegetables

Fruit and vegetables
Source	Brythohellenic	English
μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"	myl	red apple
afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"	afal	yellow apple, generic apple
κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"	kudwn	green apple
στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"	talamadd	grape
citreum (Latin), "lemon"	siddyr	lemon
χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"	krumyl	orange
هلو (Persian), "peach"	heulf	peach
ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"	eladd	olive
لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"	lamewtyr	lime
κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"	seres	cherry
ruber (Latin), "bright red"	rywyr	watermelon
αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"	onwyr (pl. onwŷr-)	cucumber
انجیر (Persian), "fig"	neyar	fig
ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"	nanas	pineapple
sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"	syfyn	strawberry
νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"	nithwyrn	blueberry
du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"	duwyrn	blackberry
tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"	tofydd	tomato
mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"	mehys	maize
موز (Persian), "banana"	mews	banana
زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"	serdel	apricot
προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"	brwn	plum
قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"	hewyff	coffee
茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"	sea (pl. seae)	tea
xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"	segolydd	cacao (beans)
باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"	badynyn	eggplant
cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"	kurfedd	courgette