Buerkaans
| Buerkantch | |
|---|---|
| Buerkáns | |
| Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|buɛ̯ɾ'kaːns]] |
| Created by | – |
| Native speakers | No Census Data (2014) |
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | bu |
| ISO 639-2 | bue |
| ISO 639-3 | bue |
 Dí Huílands' flág | |
Background
Buerkáns is spoken in the fictitious country of Dí Huílands, known as such in English, even though the translation is literally The Highlands. It has not yet been decided whether Buerkáns shows a strong enough resemblence to Dutch grammar to be classified as Low Franconian, or if it deserves its own branch of the Germanic family.
Buerkáns takes influences from Dutch/Afrikaans, English, and the Scandinavian Languages. I wanted to make something in between all three, with the primary vocabulary a mix of Dutch-Danish/Swedish-derived roots and grammar closer to a simpler version of German.
Phonology
Buerkáns has a large phonology, similar to that of Dutch or Afrikaans, mixed slightly with Danish. There is a large vowel inventory of 13 distinct vowel quantities and a typical Germanic consonant inventory with the exception of /d͡ʒ/.
Vowels
| Phonemes | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Central | Back | |
| Closed | i y | u | |
| Near-closed | ɪ | ||
| Mid-closed | e ø | o | |
| Central | ɘ | ||
| Mid-open | ɛ | ʌ ɔ | |
| Near-open | æ | ||
| Open | a |
Consonants
| Phonemes | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p b | t d | k g | ||||
| Affricate | d͡ʒ | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Fricative | f v | s | ʃ | ç~x | h | ||
| Approximant | ɾ | j | |||||
| Lateral approximant | w | l | ɫ |
- It is important to know that /x/ can be devoiced to /ç/ in fast speech, or after certain consonants, where a speaker cannot pull their tongue back fast enough to produce a full /x/.
Stress & Phonotactics
Stress generally falls on the root of a word, normally the first syllable, but this is subject to change if certain prefixes are added, which may transfer stress from the root to the prefix, or move primary stress, along with the root, to the second syllable.
Buerkáns' most common syllable structure is CCVCC. A single, double, or triple cluster of consecutive consonants can proceed a vowel, there may be as many as three vowels between consonants. In some special cases there can be four-consonant clusters, but these are generally in archaic words and most have been simplified. Word structure can vary wildy, but every syllable must have at least one vowel as its nucleus. The only syllalbe construction that is not allowed is CVCV, which must be interpreted as two seperate syllables of CV. These sound clusters can be repeated to create longer words which are still phonotactically correct, but this implies a constructed word.
- hoebstedsmetrólyn /'hoɛb.stɛdz.mɛtɾo:.ləi̯n/ - capital city's metro line (CVVC.CCVCC.CVCCV.CVC)
- straade /'ʃtɾæ:də/ - street (CCCVVCV)
- regtíg /'ɾʌx.ti:x/ - correct (CVCVC)
- de /dʌ/ - the (CV)
- alg /ælx/ - interjection, similar to 'ew' (VC)
- áppel /'a:p.əl/ - apple (VCCVC)
Orthography
Vowels with diacritics over them are not indicative of stress, nor do they signify a long version of the unmarked vowel. They are letters in their own right, seperate from vowels without an accent. All letters with ´ are inherently long, and have no short version. In order to make the unmarked vowels long, one simply doubles them:
- a /æ/ - aa /æ:/
- á /a/
- e /ɛ/, /ə/, or /ʌ/ - ee /ɛ:/ or /ʌ:/
- é /e:/
- i /ɪ/ - ii /ɪ:/
- í /i:/
- o /ɔ/ - oo /ɔ:/
- ó /o:/
- u /u/ - uu /u:/
U is the only vowel that does not have a marked counterpart. Furthermore, it is not common to see a doubled I or E.
Y is treated as a diphthong representing /əi̯/
The sounds /d/, /k/, /b/, /v/, /t/, /j/, /h/, /f/, /r/, /l/, /p/, /z/, /s/, /m/, and /n/ are all represented by their corresponding letters. There are some special cases where single letters are pronounced differently depending on placement, and some letters do not represent sounds they would normally represent in other germanic languages:
- g /x/~/ç/ (/ç/ mid-word, after some consonants, or sometimes when weakened by a speaker)
- l /ɫ/ when word-initial
- s /ʃ/ when preceding t or p
- ng /ŋ/
- x /d͡ʒ/
- xésus /'d͡ʒe:s.us/ - jesus
- e /ʌ/ when following r or d/t
- hede /'hɛ.dʌ/ - had
- e /ə/ when unstressed
- y /əi̯/
- w /w/
- tj /t͡ʃ/
Vowels can additionally come paired with E (with the exception of E itself), which always produces the construction /Vɛ/ regardless of stress. The original vowel retains its original quality, this occurs only with unmarked vowels.
- oe, ae, ue, ie
There are also additional trigraphs, and one digraph:
- aui /ø/
- aae /æ:e̯/
- aai /æ:i̯/
- iu /y/
- ei /ei:/
Sound Shifts from other Germanic Languages
Perhaps the largest change from Germanic phonology in Buerkáns is the voicing of the original Germanic /v/ or /ʋ to /b/:
| Buerkáns | IPA | Danish | IPA | German | IPA | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hoeb | /hɔɛb/ | hoved | /'ho:.ʋɛð/ | Kopf | /'kɔpf/ | head |
| bebége | /bə'be:.xə/ | at bevæge | /bɛ'ʋɛi̯.gɛ/ | bewegen | /bɛ've:.gɛn/ | to move |
| graabe | /'græ:.bɘ/ | at grave | /graʊ̯.ʋɛ | graben | /'gra:bɛn/ | to dig |
Dutch/Afrikaans IE~E to Y:
| Buerkáns | IPA | Dutch | IPA | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| hyr | /'həi̯ɾ/ | hier | /'hi:r/ | here |
| spyle | /'spəi̯lə/ | spelen | /'spe:lɛn/ | to play |
| tyke | /'təi̯.kə/ | tekenen | /'te:.kɛn.ɛn/ | to draw |
This tends to happen rather randomly, without a clearly seen pattern, it is most likely the beginning of a full sound shift. It can also be said that, in many cases, German /ei/ is lowered to /əi̯/.
Sandhi
There is a small Sandhi factor to Buerkáns which occurs with the voicing of the last letter of a word in relationship to the phoneme that begins the word after it. This only occurs when a Stop is the last letter of a word, and is followed by an near, mid, or fully-open vowel quality in the next word. If the Stop is not already voiced, it becomes so. In Buerkáns, this means that the letters P~B, T~D, and K are all affected when the next word starts with a single A, Á, E, or O. (This rule does not apply to di/trigraphs) The only sound excepted from this function is /ʌ/, which only occurs after R and D, and therefore cannot appear on its own.
This does not change the already voiced stops, but means that there must always be a voiced stop before an open vowel between words:
- det áppel
/dʌd‿ˈa:bəl/
the apple
- ek spyltet epik
/'ɛk 'spəi̯l.təd‿ˈɛpɪk/
I played well (epically)
- jep, oemkí ánaars is hyr
/'jɛb‿ˈɔɛ̯m.ki: 'a:n.æ:rs 'ɛs 'həi̯r/
yep, uncle Ánaars is here
Morphology
Buerkáns morphology is rather simple, and lies somewhere between German and Danish. There are two genders, Common and Neutral, and verbs do not conjugate for person. There are however, three cases for noun declension. Unlike German, Buerkáns is a very regular language.
Nouns
Nouns in Buerkáns are only marked for number and definiteness, as is other Germanic languages. Here is a table displaying the different forms most Buerkáns nouns can take:
| Singular | Indefinite Plural | Definite | Definite Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| common: | |||
| métj | métjes | de métj | dí métjes |
| girl | girls | the girl | the girls |
| knaag | knaags | de knaag | dí knaags |
| boy | boys | the boy | the boys |
| hoond | hoonde | de hoond | dí hoonde |
| dog | dogs | the dog | the dogs |
| riugsak | riugsakke | de riugsak | dí riugsakke |
| backpack | backpacks | the backpack | the backpacks |
| neuter: | |||
| huus | huuser | det huus | dí huuser |
| house | houses | the house | the houses |
| áppel | áppeler | det áppel | dí áppeler |
| apple | apples | the apple | the apples |
| ár | ár | de ár | dí ár |
| year | years | the year | the years |
As shown above, there are 3 different ways to express plurality in Buerkáns. The first two are by suffixing -s or -e to words of the common gender. There is no pattern for this, some words recieve the 'e-plural' while others receive the 's-plural'. However, most common gender words are made plural by the addition of '-s'. In the neuter gender, the plural marker is always '-er'.
When using the '-e' suffix, word-final consonant doubling sometimes happens, as shown in riugsak --> riugsakke. This happens for all plosive consonants:
Consonant doubling for:
- riugsak - riugsakke - backpacks
but not for:
- uer - uere - clocks
There are also a few special words which cannot be put into plural form, analagous to 'information' in English. An example is given in the table above with the word ár - 'year'. The ony way to tell if the word is being used plurally is in when it is definite. There can one see the definite plural article dí.
Pronouns
This is the only facet of Buerkáns that retains a three-gender system, as it is necessary to distinguish between masculine and feminine when speaking about people.
| Case | 1st person | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Nominative | ek | vy | ||
| Accusative | my | os | ||
| Genitive | myn / myt | on / ont | ||
| Case | 2nd person | |||
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Nominative | ju | jul | ||
| Accusative | jy | julle | ||
| Genitive | jyn / jyt | jullen / jullet | ||
| Case | 3rd person | |||
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural | |
| Nominative | hy | sy | det | dí |
| Accusative | him | sy | det | daam |
| Genitive | syn / syt | syn / syt | syn / syt | dyn / dyt |
The reflexive for all persons is the same as the accusative form. The 3rd person nominative pronouns always use syg instead of differentiating gender.
Numbers
| Number | Cardinal | Ordinal |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | null | |
| 1 | én | vauirs |
| 2 | tvy | anen |
| 3 | try | tred |
| 4 | vir | vird |
| 5 | fyf | fyfd |
| 6 | séks | séksd |
| 7 | sebe | sebd |
| 8 | ag | agd |
| 9 | nyn | nynd |
| 10 | tyn | tynd |
| 11 | elf | elfd |
| 12 | taalv | taalvd |
| 13 | trytyn | trytyndí |
| 14 | virtyn | virtyndí |
| 15 | fyftyn | fyftyndí |
| 16 | sékstyn | sékstyndí |
| 17 | sebtyn | sebtyndí |
| 18 | agtyn | agtyndí |
| 19 | nyntyn | nytyndí |
| 20 | tvytí | tvytíte |
| 21 | énantvytí | énantvytíte |
| 22 | tvyantvytí | tvyantvytíte |
| 30 | trytí | trytíte |
| 31 | énantrytí | tryantrytíte |
| 40 | virtí | virttíte |
| 50 | fyftí | fyftíte |
| 60 | sékstíte | sékstíte |
| 70 | sebtí | sebtíte |
| 80 | agtí | agtíte |
| 90 | nyntí | nyntíte |
| 100 | hundrí | hundríte |
Numbers have a very regular structure in Buerkáns, with the exception of numbers 1 and 2, which are irregular. The ordinal ending for numbers 3 to 20 is simply d. The ordinal ending for all numbers after 20 is te.
Double-digit numbers are produced as in German. To make the number 21, one must say énantvytí, literally 'one-and-twenty'.
Verbs
Verbs are only conjugated for tense in Buerkáns, not number/person. Beyond this, all conjugations of a given verb are usually regular according to other verbs in their category. There is only one irregular verb, each verb class has a distinct conjugation pattern. Every verb conjugates the same in Present Tense, and verbs are kept in the infinitive if they are not the primary verb in the sentence. However, this functions more like English and the Scandinavian languages in that two verbs can follow each other directly, as opposed to German where and secondary verbs must be at the end of a sentence or phrase.
Irregular Verbs
There is only one irregular verbs in Buerkáns: to be
| Verb | Present | Past | Past Participle | Pluperfect | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| syne | is | wus | hét gesynd | hétte gesynd | to be |
Regular Verbs
With the exception of modal verbs, all verbs conjugate in the present tense with -r or -er, depending if the word has a word-final vowel or not. This is a clear adoption from the Scandinavian langauges over a more complicated Dutch, German, or English system.
| Verb | Present | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| gaae | gaar | to go, walk |
| eid | eider | to eat |
| loob | loober | to run |
Here is a full conjugation table