Carpathian ablaut: Difference between revisions

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Carpathian ablaut (view source)

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 However, qualitative ablaut is still visible and productive in several derivational categories:
-*[[w:Noun|Substantives]] with an "a"-vowel in their roots, derived from verbs without suffixes with an "e"-vowel, denoting action or agent: ''rektei'' “to say” — ''rakas'' “law”, ''bergetei'' “to protect” — ''bargas'' “protection”. Some words have undergone semantic drift or became obsolete: ''garmas'' “thunder” from dial. ''germetei'' “to mutter” (the zero-grade ''girmētei'' “to thunder” still exists though); ''gadas'' “meeting, gathering” from ''*gʰedʰ-'', though the "e"-grade verb did not survive.
+*[[w:Noun|Substantives]] with an "a"-vowel in their roots, derived from verbs without suffixes with an "e"-vowel, denoting action or agent: ''r'''e'''ktei'' “to say” — ''r'''a'''kas'' “law”, ''b'''e'''rgetei'' “to protect” — ''b'''a'''rgas'' “protection”. Some words have undergone semantic drift or became obsolete: ''g'''a'''rmas'' “thunder” from dial. ''g'''e'''rmetei'' “to mutter” (the zero-grade ''g'''i'''rmētei'' “to thunder”, derived from the e-grade verb, still exists though); ''gadas'' “meeting, gathering” from ''*gʰedʰ-'', though the "e"-grade verb did not survive.
+*Substantives, ending in ''-ā'', denoting the product of an action, derived from verbs with e-vowel roots: ''n'''e'''rtei'' “to plunge” — ''n'''a'''rā'' “hole, burrow”; ''p'''e'''ntei'' “to stretch” — ''p'''a'''nā'' “curtain”; ''w'''e'''ltei'' “to allow” — ''w'''a'''liā'' “will, freedom”.
+*Substantives, ending in ''-is'', denoting agents of action, tools or states: ''s'''e'''ngetei'' “to reach” — ''s'''a'''ngis'' “that which reaches”. No longer productive.
+*Progressive or iterative verbs with a-vowel: ''n'''e'''stei'' “bring, carry” — ''n'''a'''sītei'' “to be carrying”; ''l'''e'''mtei'' “to break” — ''l'''a'''mītei'' “to be breaking”.
+*Causative verbs with a-vowel from adjectives with e-vowel: ''t'''e'''išas'' “still, quiet” — ''t'''a'''išītei'' “to console”.
+==Zero-grade==
+In Proto-Indo-European the zero-grade ablaut arose in originally unstressed syllables and was represented by absence of a vowel, or by syllabic sonorants. In Carpathian the old zero-grade was replaced by short "i"- or "u"-vowels, when before a syllabic sonorant. The original zero-grade with no vowel is rare and unproductive in Carpathian, often being altered by later [[w:Epenthesis|anaptyxis]]. One example of inflectional zero-ablaut is in the conjugation of the verb ''dōtei'' “to give”: ''dōsti'' “gives” — ''dōdinti'' “they give” (the few examples of a reduplicated stem in Carpathian).
+New zero-grade is widely present in verbs:
+*Infinitives of intensive or progressive verbs: ''b'''e'''rō'' “I pick up” — ''b'''i'''rātei'' “to pick up”; ''g'''e'''nō'' “I drive” — ''g'''u'''ntei'' “to drive”; ''p'''ei'''siō'' “I write” — ''p'''i'''sātei'' “to write”.
+*Detransitive verbs with the ē-suffix: ''b'''au'''dītei'' “to wake” — ''b'''u'''dētei'' “to be awake”; ''sw'''ai'''tātei'' “to dawn” — ''sw'''i'''tētei'' “to shine”.
+*Inchoative verbs from progressive verbs and adjectives: ''s'''au'''šas'' “dry” — ''s'''u'''šnetei'' “to dry up”. Some original inchoative verbs instead have conjugational zero-ablaut: ''l'''e'''getei'' “to lie down” — ''l'''i'''ngō'' “I lie down”; ''rēstei'' “to find” — ''rindō'' “I find” (here the ''-n-''infix does not appear in the infinitive).
+Its use in derivation is much less common, than the qualitative ablaut:
+*''samdas'' “agreement” from ''d'''ē'''tei'' “to do”, where the root is reduced to a single consonant "d".
 ==Lengthened grade==
+Late Proto-Indo-European had two long vowels (''*ē'' and ''*ō''), the sources of which were manifold. In the dialect of disintegrating Proto-Indo-European, which later became Carpathian, the length contrast led to a morphological alternation. The separate lengthened grade existed for both monophthongs and diphthongs, but later in Proto-Carpathian the full grade of diphthongs (''*ai'' and ''*au'') was reanalysed as the addition of ''*a'' to a full vowel (''*i'' and ''*u'' respectively), which led to the addition of ''*a'' to the original ''*e'' and ''*a'', which resulted in lengthening of those vowels. The loss of laryngeals further contributed to the establishment of the lengthened grade.
+The lengthened grade is present in the inflectional morphology, although no longer productive:
+*Consonant-stem declension in nouns: nominative ''pīl'''ē'''n'' — genitive ''pīl'''e'''ntis'' “chicken”.
+*Sigmatic aorist of verbs without a thematic vowel: ''n'''e'''stei'' “to carry” — ''n'''ē'''sun'' “I carried”, ''w'''e'''stei'' “to lead” — ''w'''ē'''sun'' “I led”.
+*Prefix and preposition doublets: ''par(a)-'' “towards” and ''parā(h)-'' “before, proto-”, ''pa'' “after” — ''pā-'' “later, secondary”, ''ba'' “for, because” — ''bā'' “indeed, as”.
+In derivational morphology, the lengthened grade is scattered and does not form regular patterns the same way, as the full and zero grades do. Some nominal derivation involves root vowel lengthening:
+*Substantives, ending in ''-is'' from verbs with full-grade root vowels, denoting product or result of an action: ''r'''e'''ktei'' “to say” — ''r'''ē'''kis'' “speech”, ''dw'''e'''stei'' “to breathe” — ''dw'''ē'''stis'' “living being”, ''t'''a'''rtei'' “to speak” — dial. ''t'''ā'''ris'' “language”.
+*Affective nouns from neutral counterparts: ''ž'''a'''riā'' “aurora, daybreak” — ''ž'''ō'''riā'' “dawn”; ''g'''a'''mis'' “confusion” — ''g'''ā'''mas'' “din”
+The legthened grade can be involved in qualitative ablaut in the same way as the full grade, such as to create causative verbs: ''r'''ē'''žetei'' “to cut” — ''r'''ō'''žītei'' “to strike”. The reverse is also possible, such as when forming stative verbs from verbs with long root vowel: ''st'''ā'''tei'' “to become” ― ''st'''a'''hētei'' “to stand”.
 ===ū- and ī-grades===
 Unlike in Proto-Indo-European, in Carpathian '''u''' and '''i''' were full vowels and took part in quantitative alternations alongside '''o''' and '''e'''. Resulting mostly from the loss of laryngeals "ū" and "ī" gave rise to a lengthened grade, which later spread by analogy and was employed in several morphological categories:
-*Forming new intransitive verbs from transitive verbs with full grade vowels: ''ūktei'' “to learn”, ''aukītei'' “to teach” (full grade), ''ukinautei'' “to get accustomed” (zero grade).
+*Forming new intransitive verbs from transitive verbs with full grade vowels: '''''ū'''ktei'' “to learn”, '''''au'''kītei'' “to teach” (full grade), '''''u'''nnautei'' “to get accustomed” (zero grade).
-*Deriving substantives from verbs with zero grade: ''źūka'' “nickname” from ''źuhētei'' “to call”, ''pilīskas'' “patter” from ''piliskātei'' “to clap, to patter”.
+*Deriving substantives from verbs with zero grade: ''ź'''ū'''ka'' “nickname” from ''ź'''u'''hētei'' “to call”, ''pil'''ī'''skas'' “patter” from ''pil'''i'''skātei'' “to clap, to patter”.
-*Forming iterative verbs from the non-iterative ones: ''kalāwītei'' “to be praising” from ''kalautei'' “to be famous”. This type is unproductive and may be a borrowing from the Slavic languages (''slaviti'' from ''sluti'' respectively).
+*Forming iterative verbs from the non-iterative ones: ''kal'''āwī'''tei'' “to be praising” from ''kal'''au'''tei'' “to be famous”. This type is unproductive and may be a borrowing from the Slavic languages (''slaviti'' from ''sluti'' respectively).
 ===ui-grade===
 The lengthened grade of the '''u''' and '''i''' vowels arose very early, secured by the loss of laryngeals in that position. The origin of the diphthong '''ui''' is more obscure, however. It might have appeared through an analogy with other "i"-type diphthongs ("ai" and "ei") as a full grade of the vowel "u". In the standard "ū" is a lengthened grade and "au" is a full grade instead. A few verbs show this grade in dialects, such as ''muitei'' “to wash”, ''hruitei'' “to dig” and ''kiruitei'' “to cover” (Standard: ''mautei'', ''hrūtei'' “to tear out” and ''karautei'' respectively).
 [[Category:Carpathian]]