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Carpathian ablaut: Difference between revisions
→Lengthened grade
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*Prefix and preposition doublets: ''par(a)-'' “towards” and ''parā(h)-'' “before, proto-”, ''pa'' “after” — ''pā-'' “later, secondary”, ''ba'' “for, because” — ''bā'' “indeed, as”. | *Prefix and preposition doublets: ''par(a)-'' “towards” and ''parā(h)-'' “before, proto-”, ''pa'' “after” — ''pā-'' “later, secondary”, ''ba'' “for, because” — ''bā'' “indeed, as”. | ||
In derivational morphology, the lengthened grade is scattered and does not form regular patterns the same way, as the full and zero grades do. Some nominal derivation involves root vowel lengthening: | In derivational morphology, the lengthened grade is scattered and does not form regular patterns the same way, as the full and zero grades do. Some nominal derivation involves root vowel lengthening: | ||
*Substantives, ending in ''-is'' from verbs with full-grade root vowels, denoting product or result of an action: ''r'''e'''ktei'' “to say” — ''r'''ē'''kis'' “speech”, ''dw'''e'''stei'' “to breathe” — ''dw'''ē'''stis'' “living being”, ''t'''a'''rtei'' “to speak” — dial. ''t'''ā'''ris'' “language” | *Substantives, ending in ''-is'' from verbs with full-grade root vowels, denoting product or result of an action: ''r'''e'''ktei'' “to say” — ''r'''ē'''kis'' “speech”, ''dw'''e'''stei'' “to breathe” — ''dw'''ē'''stis'' “living being”, ''t'''a'''rtei'' “to speak” — dial. ''t'''ā'''ris'' “language”. | ||
*Affective nouns from neutral counterparts: ''ž'''a'''riā'' “aurora, daybreak” — ''ž'''ō'''riā'' “dawn”; ''g'''a'''mis'' “confusion” — ''g'''ā'''mas'' “din” | *Affective nouns from neutral counterparts: ''ž'''a'''riā'' “aurora, daybreak” — ''ž'''ō'''riā'' “dawn”; ''g'''a'''mis'' “confusion” — ''g'''ā'''mas'' “din” | ||
The legthened grade can be involved in qualitative ablaut in the same way as the full grade, such as to create causative verbs: ''r'''ē'''žetei'' “to cut” — ''r'''ō'''žītei'' “to strike”. The reverse is also possible, such as when forming stative verbs from verbs with long root vowel: ''st'''ā'''tei'' “to become” ― ''st'''a'''hētei'' “to stand”. | The legthened grade can be involved in qualitative ablaut in the same way as the full grade, such as to create causative verbs: ''r'''ē'''žetei'' “to cut” — ''r'''ō'''žītei'' “to strike”. The reverse is also possible, such as when forming stative verbs from verbs with long root vowel: ''st'''ā'''tei'' “to become” ― ''st'''a'''hētei'' “to stand”. | ||