2,334
edits
Carpathian historical development: Difference between revisions
Carpathian historical development (view source)
Revision as of 11:27, 12 February 2023
, 12 February 2023→Consonant assimilation
| Line 46: | Line 46: | ||
The laryngeals ''*h₂'' and ''h₃'' merged in Proto-Carpathian, just as in Proto-Anatolian, and was preserved as a glottal fricative /h/. When preceding a consonant this new ''*h'' was lost, acting in the same way as ''*h₁'': Proto-Carpathian ''*stáhtei'' > ''stā́tei'' “to become” (from PIE ''*stéh₂ti''). In other positions the reflex of PIE laryngeals was retained: PIE ''*stoh₂éyeti'' > Carpathian ''stàhītei'' “to determine”; PIE ''*kruh₂és'' (genitive) > Carpathian ''kurùhis'' “blood” (dialectal ''karaũhis'', from nominative ''*kréwh₂s''); PIE ''*welh₃is'' > Carpathian wel̃his “ghost”. Word-finally, however, the laryngeals were also lost, probably at the same time as all final consonants, except for ''*s'' and ''*n'': PIE ''*dʰoHnéh₂'' > Carpathian ''dṓnā'' “grain”. | The laryngeals ''*h₂'' and ''h₃'' merged in Proto-Carpathian, just as in Proto-Anatolian, and was preserved as a glottal fricative /h/. When preceding a consonant this new ''*h'' was lost, acting in the same way as ''*h₁'': Proto-Carpathian ''*stáhtei'' > ''stā́tei'' “to become” (from PIE ''*stéh₂ti''). In other positions the reflex of PIE laryngeals was retained: PIE ''*stoh₂éyeti'' > Carpathian ''stàhītei'' “to determine”; PIE ''*kruh₂és'' (genitive) > Carpathian ''kurùhis'' “blood” (dialectal ''karaũhis'', from nominative ''*kréwh₂s''); PIE ''*welh₃is'' > Carpathian wel̃his “ghost”. Word-finally, however, the laryngeals were also lost, probably at the same time as all final consonants, except for ''*s'' and ''*n'': PIE ''*dʰoHnéh₂'' > Carpathian ''dṓnā'' “grain”. | ||
==Consonant assimilation== | ==Consonant assimilation== | ||
Many heterorganic consonant clusters were assimilated in Proto-Carpathian, giving rise to geminate consonants: PIE ''*h₁n̥h₃mén'' > Carpathian ''immin'' “name”; PIE ''*déḱsinos'' > Common Carpathian ''deśśinas'' “right”. The combinations with ''*w'' and ''*j'' as a second element survived, although the clusters of dental consonants and *j underwent [[w:Iotation|iotation]]: ''*weĩśśinjāh'' > ''weisiniā'' “cherry” (Eastern [weɪ̀.si.ɲɑ], Western [weɪ̀.ʂi.ɲɑ], later degemination of *ś after a diphthong); labial consonants were not affected, while velar consonants show variation among various dialects: liaugā'' ~ ''liaugiā'' “puddle” (in such cases ''"giV"'' usually represents [ɟ], which is not distinct in its pronunciation from ''"diV"'' (where "V" is a vowel), thus the choice of spelling is purely etymological. Some dialects, particularly in the eastern highlands, also undergo [[w:Labialization|labialisation]], though this process is not regular or widespread: Standard ''swestī'' “sister” — [sʷɛ̀s.tiː] or [sỳs.tiː], sometimes spelt ''süstī'' in those dialects. Clusters with ''*h'' simplified by eliding the glottal fricative, except for clusters with sonorants, where ''h'' was the second element, which were preserved in most dialects (sometimes as plain voiceless sonorants). | Many heterorganic consonant clusters were assimilated in Proto-Carpathian, giving rise to geminate consonants: PIE ''*h₁n̥h₃mén'' > Carpathian ''immin'' “name”; PIE ''*déḱsinos'' > Common Carpathian ''deśśinas'' “right”. The combinations with ''*w'' and ''*j'' as a second element survived, although the clusters of dental consonants and *j underwent [[w:Iotation|iotation]]: ''*weĩśśinjāh'' > ''weisiniā'' “cherry” (Eastern [weɪ̀.si.ɲɑ], Western [weɪ̀.ʂi.ɲɑ], later degemination of *ś after a diphthong); labial consonants were not affected, while velar consonants show variation among various dialects: ''liaugā'' ~ ''liaugiā'' “puddle” (in such cases ''"giV"'' usually represents [ɟ], which is not distinct in its pronunciation from ''"diV"'' (where "V" is a vowel), thus the choice of spelling is purely etymological. Some dialects, particularly in the eastern highlands, also undergo [[w:Labialization|labialisation]], though this process is not regular or widespread: Standard ''swestī'' “sister” — [sʷɛ̀s.tiː] or [sỳs.tiː], sometimes spelt ''süstī'' in those dialects. Clusters with ''*h'' simplified by eliding the glottal fricative, except for clusters with sonorants, where ''h'' was the second element, which were preserved in most dialects (sometimes as plain voiceless sonorants). | ||
Clusters of sonorants or sibilants, followed by plosives were permissible and thus remained unchanged. The reverse clusters (with plosives as the first element of a cluster), as well as clusters with more than two consonants and some heterorganic clusters, were resolved by vowel [[w:Epenthesis|anaptyxis]], also called '''pleophony''' after a similar process in the East Slavic languages: PIE ''*bʰrodʰos'' > Carpathian ''baràdas'' (Western ''boràdas'') “ford”. This also affected borrowings from the neighbouring languages: Slavic ''*korl′ь'' > Carpathian ''koròlias/karàlias'' “king”, the "rl"-cluster being a heterorganic sonorant cluster, difficult to pronounce. | Clusters of sonorants or sibilants, followed by plosives were permissible and thus remained unchanged. The reverse clusters (with plosives as the first element of a cluster), as well as clusters with more than two consonants and some heterorganic clusters, were resolved by vowel [[w:Epenthesis|anaptyxis]], also called '''pleophony''' after a similar process in the East Slavic languages: PIE ''*bʰrodʰos'' > Carpathian ''baràdas'' (Western ''boràdas'') “ford”. This also affected borrowings from the neighbouring languages: Slavic ''*korl′ь'' > Carpathian ''koròlias/karàlias'' “king”, the "rl"-cluster being a heterorganic sonorant cluster, difficult to pronounce. | ||
[[Category:Carpathian]] | [[Category:Carpathian]] | ||