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Carpathian historical development: Difference between revisions
Carpathian historical development (view source)
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Many heterorganic consonant clusters were assimilated in Proto-Carpathian, giving rise to geminate consonants: PIE ''*h₁n̥h₃mén'' > Carpathian ''immin'' “name”; PIE ''*déḱsinos'' > Common Carpathian ''deśśinas'' “right”. The combinations with ''*w'' and ''*j'' as a second element survived, although the clusters of dental consonants and *j underwent [[w:Iotation|iotation]]: ''*weĩśśinjāh'' > ''weisiniā'' “cherry” (Eastern [weɪ̀.si.ɲɑ], Western [weɪ̀.ʂi.ɲɑ], later degemination of *ś after a diphthong); labial consonants were not affected, while velar consonants show variation among various dialects: ''liaugā'' ~ ''liaugiā'' “puddle” (in such cases ''"giV"'' usually represents [ɟ], which is not distinct in its pronunciation from ''"diV"'' (where "V" is a vowel, the choice of spelling is purely etymological). Some dialects, particularly in the eastern highlands, also undergo [[w:Labialization|labialisation]], though this process is not regular or widespread: Standard ''swestī'' “sister” — [sʷɛ̀s.tiː] or [sỳs.tiː], sometimes spelt ''süstī'' in those dialects. Clusters with ''*h'' simplified by eliding the glottal fricative, except for clusters with sonorants, where ''h'' was the second element, which were preserved in most dialects (sometimes as plain voiceless sonorants). | Many heterorganic consonant clusters were assimilated in Proto-Carpathian, giving rise to geminate consonants: PIE ''*h₁n̥h₃mén'' > Carpathian ''immin'' “name”; PIE ''*déḱsinos'' > Common Carpathian ''deśśinas'' “right”. The combinations with ''*w'' and ''*j'' as a second element survived, although the clusters of dental consonants and *j underwent [[w:Iotation|iotation]]: ''*weĩśśinjāh'' > ''weisiniā'' “cherry” (Eastern [weɪ̀.si.ɲɑ], Western [weɪ̀.ʂi.ɲɑ], later degemination of *ś after a diphthong); labial consonants were not affected, while velar consonants show variation among various dialects: ''liaugā'' ~ ''liaugiā'' “puddle” (in such cases ''"giV"'' usually represents [ɟ], which is not distinct in its pronunciation from ''"diV"'' (where "V" is a vowel, the choice of spelling is purely etymological). Some dialects, particularly in the eastern highlands, also undergo [[w:Labialization|labialisation]], though this process is not regular or widespread: Standard ''swestī'' “sister” — [sʷɛ̀s.tiː] or [sỳs.tiː], sometimes spelt ''süstī'' in those dialects. Clusters with ''*h'' simplified by eliding the glottal fricative, except for clusters with sonorants, where ''h'' was the second element, which were preserved in most dialects (sometimes as plain voiceless sonorants). | ||
Clusters of sonorants or sibilants, followed by plosives were permissible and thus remained unchanged. The reverse clusters (with plosives as the first element of a cluster), as well as clusters with more than two consonants and some heterorganic clusters, were resolved by vowel [[w:Epenthesis|anaptyxis]], also called '''pleophony''' after a similar process in the East Slavic languages: PIE ''*bʰrodʰos'' > Carpathian ''baràdas'' (Western ''boràdas'') “ford”. This also affected borrowings from the neighbouring languages: Slavic ''*korl′ь'' > Carpathian ''koròlias/karàlias'' “king”, the "rl"-cluster being a heterorganic sonorant cluster, difficult to pronounce. | Clusters of sonorants or sibilants, followed by plosives were permissible and thus remained unchanged. The reverse clusters (with plosives as the first element of a cluster), as well as clusters with more than two consonants and some heterorganic clusters, were resolved by vowel [[w:Epenthesis|anaptyxis]], also called '''pleophony''' after a similar process in the East Slavic languages: PIE ''*bʰrodʰos'' > Carpathian ''baràdas'' (Western ''boràdas'') “ford”. This also affected borrowings from the neighbouring languages: Slavic ''*korl′ь'' > Carpathian ''koròlias/karàlias'' “king”, the "rl"-cluster being a heterorganic sonorant cluster, difficult to pronounce. However, some complex consonant clusters were simply reduced instead: ''*dilbtilas'' > ''diltilas'' “woodpecker”. | ||
The clusters of two plosives typically resulted in a geminate second consonant: PIE ''*septḿ̥'' > Proto-Carpathian ''se'''pt'''imas'' > Carpathian ''se'''tt'''imas'' “seven”. However, early geminate dental plosives were broken into homorganic clusters with fricatives as the first element: PIE ''*h₁éd-ti'' > Early Proto-Carpathian ''ē'''tt'''ei'' > Carpathian ''ē'''st'''ei'' “to eat”. | The clusters of two plosives typically resulted in a geminate second consonant: PIE ''*septḿ̥'' > Proto-Carpathian ''se'''pt'''imas'' > Carpathian ''se'''tt'''imas'' “seven”. However, early geminate dental plosives were broken into homorganic clusters with fricatives as the first element: PIE ''*h₁éd-ti'' > Early Proto-Carpathian ''ē'''tt'''ei'' > Carpathian ''ē'''st'''ei'' “to eat”. | ||
[[Category:Carpathian]] | [[Category:Carpathian]] | ||