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Carpathian historical development: Difference between revisions
Carpathian historical development (view source)
Revision as of 14:30, 5 February 2023
, 5 February 2023→Split from Late Proto-Indo-European
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*'''Common Carpathian''' (1000 BCE — 500 CE) — the stage with the earliest identifiable dialectal distinctions and borrowings from other languages. At this stage Paleo-Balkan influence is prominent. | *'''Common Carpathian''' (1000 BCE — 500 CE) — the stage with the earliest identifiable dialectal distinctions and borrowings from other languages. At this stage Paleo-Balkan influence is prominent. | ||
*'''Late Carpathian''' (500 BCE — present) — gradual development of individual Carpathian dialects. The influence of the Slavic languages is prominent at this stage. | *'''Late Carpathian''' (500 BCE — present) — gradual development of individual Carpathian dialects. The influence of the Slavic languages is prominent at this stage. | ||
==Split from Late Proto-Indo-European== | |||
Proto-Carpathian exhibits the [[w:Centum and satem languages|satem]] development wherein Proto-Indo-European (PIE) palatovelar consonants became affricates or fricatives, conventionally indicated as *ś and *ź. | Proto-Carpathian exhibits the [[w:Centum and satem languages|satem]] development wherein Proto-Indo-European (PIE) palatovelar consonants became affricates or fricatives, conventionally indicated as *ś and *ź. | ||
* *ḱ → *ś | * *ḱ → *ś | ||
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The PIE diphthong ''*ew'' became ''*jau'' after consonants (''*au'' before labials and ''h'') and ''*aw'' after vowels: ''háugetei'' “to grow” from PIE ''*h₂ewgeti'', ''liaũbas'' “sweet” from ''*léwbʰos''. | The PIE diphthong ''*ew'' became ''*jau'' after consonants (''*au'' before labials and ''h'') and ''*aw'' after vowels: ''háugetei'' “to grow” from PIE ''*h₂ewgeti'', ''liaũbas'' “sweet” from ''*léwbʰos''. | ||
Syllabic sonorants become liquid diphthongs with ''*i'' (sometimes ''*u'') inserted before them. ''*u'' instead of ''*i'' is expected before labiovelars, which means that the change happened before the delabialisation of velars. Another change that happened during the same period was *wl, *wr > *l, *r word-initially (but ''*wrōdnas'' > W. ''wōrdanas'', E. ''wōrdaras'' “dawn” (cognate with Sl. ''*rànъ'' “morning”), which preserves the initial ''*w'' through vowel metathesis, however the reconstruction ''*wōrdnas'' is also possible, likely related to ''war̃dinas'' “early”). | Just as in Proto-Balto-Slvaic, [[w:Hirt's law|Hirt's law]] operated in Proto-Carpathian, causing the accent to retract to the previous syllable, if the vowel in the preceding syllable was immediately followed by a laryngeal: | ||
* PIE ''*dʰuh₂mós'' > Proto-Carpathian ''dū́mas'' “smoke”, cognate with Lithuanian ''dū́mas''. | |||
* PIE *gih₃wós "alive" > Proto-Carpathian ''*gī́hwas'' > ''gī́was'', cognate with Lithuanian ''gývas''. But in Balto-Slavic Hirt's law was not in effect in this word — Lituanian ''gyvà'' “alive, feminine” for Carpathian ''gī́wā''. Carpathian ''gihwùs'' “healed” (with preserved laryngeal) was likely formed by analogy and represents later development. | |||
It took place before the addition of epenthetic vowels before syllabic sonorants, so at the time of the change, syllabic sonorants still acted as a vocalic nucleus like the true vowels and could attract the accent as well. | |||
==Syllabic sonorants== | |||
Syllabic sonorants become liquid diphthongs with ''*i'' (sometimes ''*u'') inserted before them. ''*u'' instead of ''*i'' is expected before labiovelars, which means that the change happened before the delabialisation of velars. This change occurred after Hirt's law, which operated on original syllabic sonorants but not on sonorant diphthongs. Another change that happened during the same period was *wl, *wr > *l, *r word-initially (but ''*wrōdnas'' > W. ''wōrdanas'', E. ''wōrdaras'' “dawn” (cognate with Sl. ''*rànъ'' “morning”), which preserves the initial ''*w'' through vowel metathesis, however the reconstruction ''*wōrdnas'' is also possible, likely related to ''war̃dinas'' “early”). It occurred after the prothetic vowels had appeared: ''*wĺ̥kʷos'' > ''wul̃kas'' “wolf”. | |||
==Laryngeals== | |||
Because Carpathian preserves consonantal reflexes of PIE laryngeals at least in some positions, it is often compared to the Anatolian languages and Armenian, although in other regards it shares more in common with Balto-Slavic, than with the former two. | |||
Between consonants PIE laryngeals became ''*a'' in initial syllables and were lost in non-initial syllables. | |||
* PIE ''*sp'''h₁'''rós'' > Proto-Carpathian ''sp'''à'''ras'' “abundant”; | |||
* PIE ''**dʰug'''h₂'''tḗr'' > Proto-Carpathian ''duktī̃'' “daughter”. | |||
PIE ''*h₁'' was lost in all positions, but it made its preceding vowel (or a syllabic sonorant) long and gave it a rising acute accent: PIE ''*spéh₁ti'' > Proto-Carpathian ''*spḗtei'' “to hurry”. A semivowel (''*j'' or ''*w'') was inserted to break a vowel hiatus: ''*dʰeh₁eti'' > ''dējetei'' “to be doing”. | |||
The laryngeals ''*h₂'' and ''h₃'' merged in Proto-Carpathian, just as in Proto-Anatolian, and was preserved as a glottal fricative /h/. When preceding a consonant this new ''*h'' was lost, acting in the same way as ''*h₁'': Proto-Carpathian ''*stáhtei'' > ''stā́tei'' “to become” (from PIE ''*stéh₂ti''). In other positions the reflex of PIE laryngeals was retained: PIE ''*stoh₂éyeti'' > Carpathian ''stàhītei'' “to determine”; PIE ''*kruh₂és'' (genitive) > Carpathian ''kurùhis'' “blood” (dialectal ''karaũhis'', from nominative ''*kréwh₂s''); PIE ''*welh₃is'' > Carpathian wel̃his “ghost”. Word-finally, however, the laryngeals were also lost, probably at the same time as all final consonants, except for ''*s'' and ''*n'': PIE ''*dʰoHnéh₂'' > Carpathian ''dṓnā'' “grain”. | |||
[[Category:Carpathian]] | [[Category:Carpathian]] | ||