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Carpathian languages: Difference between revisions
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The Proto-Carpathian is believed to have formed near Polish-Slovak border between 2500 BC and 200 AD, after its split from hypothetical Proto-Alpathian. According to most linguists, the language comes from Polish lowlands in the basin of [[w:Vistula|Vistula river]]. The language borrowed many words from old Indo-European languages that migrated into the same area around that time (probably even Proto-Indo-European itself or its western dialects if consider the earliest dates being correct) during early Proto-Carpathian stage. The second layer of loanwords come from early Slavic languages which started expanding westwards. Proto-Carpathian began splitting around the Xth-XIth centuries and can be reconstructed quite thoroughly in its late stage, while the grammar of earlier stages remains to a great extend unknown, despite modern languages being conservative. | The Proto-Carpathian is believed to have formed near Polish-Slovak border between 2500 BC and 200 AD, after its split from hypothetical Proto-Alpathian. According to most linguists, the language comes from Polish lowlands in the basin of [[w:Vistula|Vistula river]]. The language borrowed many words from old Indo-European languages that migrated into the same area around that time (probably even Proto-Indo-European itself or its western dialects if consider the earliest dates being correct) during early Proto-Carpathian stage. The second layer of loanwords come from early Slavic languages which started expanding westwards. Proto-Carpathian began splitting around the Xth-XIth centuries and can be reconstructed quite thoroughly in its late stage, while the grammar of earlier stages remains to a great extend unknown, despite modern languages being conservative. | ||
==Orthographies== | ==Orthographies== | ||
Nowadays all Carpathian languages use [[w:Latin script|Latin alphabets]] with various additional letters to represent their phonologies. East Carpathian used Cyrillic alphabet, made by Soviet Union scholars and some books (like primers for children) were published during 1950's until the use of a written language was banned by Soviet government. | Nowadays all Carpathian languages use [[w:Latin script|Latin alphabets]] with various additional letters to represent their phonologies. East Carpathian used Cyrillic alphabet, made by Soviet Union scholars and some books (like primers for children) were published during 1950's until the use of a written language was banned by the Soviet government. | ||
The most common diacritic above consonants is haček (like in the "č" character for [t͡ʃ] sound). Some dialects also use acute mark to denote [[w:Palatalization|palatalization]] ("ś" for [ɕ] - a palatalized counterpart of [s]). Traditionally long vowels were not marked. Modern writings use a macron diacritic for this purpose, such as "ā", "ī", or "ū". Additionally, while writing Puoho dialect "õ" is used to represent both short and long [ɤ] sound, as they are not phonemically distinct, but in dictionaries and textbooks "ȭ" represents [ɤː] when it appears in words. South Carpathian has no long vowels, but uses "ĕ" and "ă" for its reduced vowels [ɘ~ɜ] and [ə~ɐ] respectively. Also umlaut marks front vowels in South Carpathian, like "ö" for [œ] and "ü" for [y]. West Carpathian uses umlaut only for ä [æ]. | The most common diacritic above consonants is haček (like in the "č" character for [t͡ʃ] sound). Some dialects also use acute mark to denote [[w:Palatalization|palatalization]] ("ś" for [ɕ] - a palatalized counterpart of [s]). Traditionally long vowels were not marked. Modern writings use a macron diacritic for this purpose, such as "ā", "ī", or "ū". Additionally, while writing Puoho dialect "õ" is used to represent both short and long [ɤ] sound, as they are not phonemically distinct, but in dictionaries and textbooks "ȭ" represents [ɤː] when it appears in words. South Carpathian has no long vowels, but uses "ĕ" and "ă" for its reduced vowels [ɘ~ɜ] and [ə~ɐ] respectively. Also umlaut marks front vowels in South Carpathian, like "ö" for [œ] and "ü" for [y]. West Carpathian uses umlaut only for ä [æ]. | ||
[[Category:Alpatho-Hirtic]] | [[Category:Alpatho-Hirtic]] | ||